# Peptide Research Wiki - [PepGuide — The World's Most Comprehensive Peptide Research Encyclopedia](/docs): The independent, open-access peptide encyclopedia. 365 peptides documented with 1,600+ peer-reviewed citations. Every claim linked to PubMed. No commercial bias. - **Peptides** - Peptides A-Z: 457 research profiles A-Z - [Peptides A-Z](/docs/peptides): 457 research peptide profiles organized by category. Every entry is backed by peer-reviewed citations. - **0-9** - **A** - [Abaloparatide (Tymlos)](/docs/peptides/abaloparatide): Abaloparatide is a synthetic 34-amino acid analog of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP 1-34), FDA-approved in 2017 for postmenopausal osteoporosis. It selectively binds the RG conformation of the PTH1R receptor, producing potent anabolic bone formation with lower hypercalcemia incidence than teriparatide. - [ACE-031](/docs/peptides/ace-031): ACE-031 (ramatercept) is a soluble activin receptor type IIB-Fc fusion protein that binds and neutralizes myostatin and related ligands, with research applications in muscle-wasting disorders, bone density enhancement, and cancer-related cachexia. - [Acetyl Hexapeptide-3 (Argireline)](/docs/peptides/acetyl-hexapeptide-3-argireline): Acetyl Hexapeptide-3 (Argireline) is a synthetic hexapeptide that inhibits SNARE complex formation, reducing neurotransmitter release and attenuating facial muscle contractions associated with wrinkle development. - [Acetyl Hexapeptide-8](/docs/peptides/acetyl-hexapeptide-8): Acetyl Hexapeptide-8 is the updated INCI name for Argireline (formerly Acetyl Hexapeptide-3), a synthetic SNARE complex inhibitor that reduces neurotransmitter release to attenuate facial muscle contractions and expression lines. - [Acetyl Tetrapeptide-5](/docs/peptides/acetyl-tetrapeptide-5): Acetyl Tetrapeptide-5 (Eyeseryl) is a Lipotec-developed peptide that targets undereye puffiness and edema by reducing vascular permeability and inhibiting glycation, researched for periorbital anti-aging applications. - [ACTH 4-10](/docs/peptides/acth-4-10): ACTH 4-10 (Met-Glu-His-Phe-Arg-Trp-Gly) is a 7 amino acid fragment of adrenocorticotropic hormone that retains cognitive and neuroprotective effects without adrenal-stimulating activity. Research focuses on attention enhancement, memory consolidation, and melanocortin receptor-mediated neuroprotection. - [ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)](/docs/peptides/acth): Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH, corticotropin) is a 39 amino acid peptide derived from POMC that stimulates cortisol synthesis in the adrenal cortex via the MC2R receptor. ACTH is central to HPA axis regulation, with clinical applications in adrenal insufficiency diagnosis (cosyntropin test) and therapeutic use as Acthar Gel. - [Adipotide (FTPP)](/docs/peptides/adipotide-ftpp): Adipotide (FTPP) is an experimental peptidomimetic that induces targeted apoptosis in blood vessels supplying white adipose tissue, with research applications in fat loss, insulin sensitivity, and cancer. - [Adrenomedullin](/docs/peptides/adrenomedullin): Adrenomedullin (ADM) is a 52-amino acid vasodilatory peptide discovered in 1993 from human pheochromocytoma tissue. It acts through the CRLR/RAMP2 receptor complex to produce potent vasodilation, positive inotropy, and renal protection. MR-proADM serves as a critical sepsis and critical illness biomarker, and adrecizumab (anti-ADM antibody) is under investigation for septic shock. - [AEDP (Kidney Bioregulator)](/docs/peptides/aedp): AEDP (Ala-Glu-Asp-Pro) is a synthetic tetrapeptide bioregulator investigated for tissue-specific effects in renal aging, nephroprotection, and kidney gene expression modulation within the Khavinson bioregulatory peptide framework. - [AF-DKP (Selank Metabolite)](/docs/peptides/af-dkp-zghy): AF-DKP is an active cyclic dipeptide (diketopiperazine) metabolite of Selank with independent GABAergic and anxiolytic pharmacological activity, formed during enzymatic degradation of the parent heptapeptide. - [AF2121](/docs/peptides/af2121): AF2121 is an extended ADNP-derived peptide fragment longer than NAP (NAPVSIPQ), developed in the Gozes laboratory at Tel Aviv University, with preclinical evidence for tau interaction, microtubule stabilization, and cognitive enhancement in neurodegenerative disease models. - [AHK-Cu](/docs/peptides/ahk-cu): AHK-Cu is a copper-complexed tripeptide (Ala-His-Lys-Cu) studied for its effects on collagen synthesis, hair growth, and wound healing. It modulates VEGF and TGF-beta1 signaling pathways in fibroblasts and endothelial cells. - [AHK (Tripeptide-3)](/docs/peptides/ahk-tripeptide-3): AHK (Tripeptide-3) is a three-amino-acid peptide (Ala-His-Lys) investigated for its effects on hair growth, wound healing, and skin rejuvenation. It activates fibroblasts and modulates VEGF signaling to promote collagen synthesis and angiogenesis. - [Alpha-MSH (α-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone)](/docs/peptides/alpha-msh): Alpha-MSH is an endogenous tridecapeptide derived from POMC processing that acts as a non-selective melanocortin receptor agonist, regulating pigmentation, inflammation, appetite, and sexual function through MC1R, MC3R, MC4R, and MC5R signaling. - [Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH)](/docs/peptides/amh-peptide): Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) is a TGF-β superfamily glycoprotein produced by granulosa cells and Sertoli cells that serves as a gold-standard biomarker for ovarian reserve assessment, PCOS diagnosis, and male reproductive function. Recombinant AMH is under preclinical investigation as a non-hormonal contraceptive. - [Amylin (IAPP)](/docs/peptides/amylin): Amylin (Islet Amyloid Polypeptide, IAPP) is a 37-amino-acid pancreatic hormone co-secreted with insulin from beta cells. It regulates gastric emptying, promotes satiety, and suppresses glucagon. It is the parent compound for pramlintide (Symlin) and cagrilintide (in CagriSema). - [ANA Gold (Gold Tripeptide-1)](/docs/peptides/ana-gold): ANA Gold is a colloidal gold-tripeptide-1 conjugate that combines gold nanoparticle anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties with tripeptide-1's collagen-stimulating activity for luxury anti-aging skincare applications. - [Angiostatin](/docs/peptides/angiostatin): Angiostatin is a 38 kDa endogenous angiogenesis inhibitor derived from plasminogen kringle domains 1-4. Discovered by Judah Folkman's laboratory in 1994, it inhibits endothelial cell proliferation and migration by binding cell-surface ATP synthase and inducing apoptosis. Angiostatin demonstrated remarkable tumor dormancy in preclinical models and has been investigated in clinical trials as recombinant human angiostatin for cancer therapy, both as monotherapy and in combination with chemotherapy and radiation. - [Angiotensin-(1-7)](/docs/peptides/angiotensin-1-7): Angiotensin-(1-7) is a bioactive heptapeptide of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) that acts as an endogenous ligand for the MAS receptor. It opposes the vasoconstrictive, pro-inflammatory, and pro-fibrotic actions of angiotensin II, exerting vasodilatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, and anti-thrombotic effects with significant implications for cardiovascular, renal, and pulmonary research. - [Angiotensin II](/docs/peptides/angiotensin-ii): Angiotensin II is a potent vasoactive octapeptide generated by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) from angiotensin I. As the primary effector of the classical renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), it drives vasoconstriction, aldosterone secretion, sympathetic activation, and cellular growth through AT1 receptor signaling, while AT2 receptor activation mediates opposing vasodilatory and anti-proliferative effects. - [Angiotensin III](/docs/peptides/angiotensin-iii): Angiotensin III (Ang 2-8) is a bioactive heptapeptide formed by aminopeptidase A cleavage of angiotensin II. It exhibits preferential AT2 receptor activity and plays a critical role in central blood pressure regulation, aldosterone secretion, and renal natriuresis, with emerging evidence suggesting it may be the primary effector peptide of the brain renin-angiotensin system. - [Angiotensin IV](/docs/peptides/angiotensin-iv): Angiotensin IV (Ang 3-8) is a hexapeptide metabolite of the renin-angiotensin system that activates the AT4 receptor, identified as insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP). It enhances memory consolidation, facilitates hippocampal long-term potentiation, increases renal cortical blood flow, and represents a promising therapeutic target for cognitive disorders including Alzheimer's disease. - [ANP (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide)](/docs/peptides/anp): Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) is a 28-amino acid hormone released from atrial cardiomyocytes in response to atrial stretch. ANP reduces blood pressure through vasodilation, natriuresis, and diuresis, and plays a counter-regulatory role against the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Carperitide (recombinant ANP) is used clinically in Japan for acute heart failure. - [AOD-9604](/docs/peptides/aod-9604): AOD-9604 is a modified fragment of human growth hormone (amino acids 177-191) that stimulates lipolysis and fat metabolism without affecting IGF-1 levels or glucose homeostasis, with additional research in cartilage and bone repair. - [Apelin](/docs/peptides/apelin): Apelin is the endogenous peptide ligand of the APJ receptor (APLNR), existing in multiple bioactive isoforms including apelin-36, apelin-17, apelin-13, and [Pyr1]apelin-13. Apelin is a positive inotrope and vasodilator that increases cardiac output without increasing afterload, with significant research applications in pulmonary arterial hypertension, heart failure, and fluid homeostasis. - [ARA-290](/docs/peptides/ara-290): ARA-290 (cibinetide) is a synthetic 11-amino acid peptide derived from the non-hematopoietic tissue-protective region of erythropoietin that selectively activates the innate repair receptor (EPOR/CD131). It is studied for neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and tissue-reparative properties without stimulating erythropoiesis. - **B** - [B7-33](/docs/peptides/b7-33): B7-33 is a single-chain peptide derived from human relaxin-2 (H2-relaxin) that selectively activates the pERK signaling pathway via RXFP1. It demonstrates potent anti-fibrotic effects in preclinical models of cardiac, pulmonary, and renal fibrosis without the cAMP-mediated tumor-promoting risks of the parent molecule. - [BDNF](/docs/peptides/bdnf): BDNF (Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor) is a neurotrophin that promotes neuronal survival, synaptic plasticity, and neurogenesis through TrkB receptor signaling, with critical roles in depression, cognitive function, and exercise-mediated brain health. - [Beclin-1-Derived Peptides](/docs/peptides/beclin-peptide): Beclin-1-derived peptides are synthetic fragments of the essential autophagy regulator Beclin-1, designed to disrupt the inhibitory Beclin-1/BCL-2 interaction and induce autophagy. These peptides are under investigation for cancer therapy, neurodegeneration, and infectious disease through targeted autophagy modulation. - [Beta-Amyloid Peptide (Aβ)](/docs/peptides/beta-amyloid-peptide): Beta-amyloid (Aβ) is a 39-43 amino acid peptide derived from proteolytic cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β-secretase and γ-secretase. The Aβ42 isoform is the primary constituent of amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease and a central target of anti-amyloid immunotherapies including lecanemab (Leqembi) and donanemab (Kisunla). - [BMP-2](/docs/peptides/bmp-2): BMP-2 (Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2) is a 114 amino acid osteoinductive growth factor in the TGF-beta superfamily, best known as the active component of INFUSE Bone Graft (Medtronic) for spinal fusion and fracture repair. It is the most potent single osteoinductive factor identified, though clinical use is complicated by dose-dependent inflammatory side effects. - [BMP-7](/docs/peptides/bmp-7): BMP-7 (Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7), also known as Osteogenic Protein-1 (OP-1), is a 139 amino acid growth factor in the TGF-beta superfamily that promotes bone formation, renal protection, and cartilage repair. It received FDA Humanitarian Device Exemption for treatment of recalcitrant long bone nonunions. - [BNP (B-type Natriuretic Peptide)](/docs/peptides/bnp): B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) is a 32-amino acid cardiac hormone secreted by ventricular cardiomyocytes in response to myocardial wall stress and volume overload. BNP and its inactive fragment NT-proBNP serve as critical biomarkers for heart failure diagnosis and prognosis, while recombinant BNP (nesiritide) has been investigated as a therapeutic agent for acute decompensated heart failure. - [Bombesin / Gastrin-Releasing Peptide (GRP)](/docs/peptides/bombesin-peptide): Bombesin is a 14-amino acid peptide originally isolated from the skin of the European fire-bellied toad (Bombina bombina). Its mammalian homolog, gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), signals through the GRP receptor (BB2/GRPR) which is overexpressed in prostate, breast, and lung cancers. Radiolabeled bombesin analogs such as 68Ga-RM2 are under investigation for PET imaging and receptor-targeted radiotherapy, while bombesin's roles in appetite regulation and GI motility continue to be explored. - [Bonomarlot](/docs/peptides/bonomarlot): Bonomarlot is a complex peptide bioregulator preparation derived from bone marrow tissue, developed at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology. Research focuses on its effects on hematopoiesis, immune reconstitution through bone marrow stimulation, and recovery from myelosuppressive conditions. - [Botulinum Toxin](/docs/peptides/botulinum-toxin): Botulinum toxin is a potent neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum that blocks acetylcholine release at neuromuscular junctions through SNARE protein cleavage. It is widely used therapeutically for dystonia, chronic migraine, hyperhidrosis, and cosmetically as Botox for dynamic wrinkle reduction. - [BPC-157 / TB-500 Blend](/docs/peptides/bpc-157-tb-500-blend): A research peptide blend combining BPC-157 (Body Protection Compound) and TB-500 (Thymosin Beta-4 fragment), two tissue-repair peptides with complementary mechanisms involving angiogenesis, cell migration, and growth hormone receptor modulation. Preclinical studies suggest synergistic benefits in wound healing through overlapping yet distinct regenerative pathways. - [BPC-157](/docs/peptides/bpc-157): BPC-157 (Body Protection Compound-157) is a synthetic pentadecapeptide derived from human gastric juice that promotes wound healing, angiogenesis, and tissue repair through VEGFR2-mediated signaling. It demonstrates cytoprotective effects across gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and neurological systems in preclinical models. - [Bradykinin](/docs/peptides/bradykinin): Bradykinin is a vasoactive nonapeptide generated from high-molecular-weight kininogen by the serine protease kallikrein. Acting through constitutive B2 and inducible B1 receptors, it is a potent mediator of vasodilation, vascular permeability, pain, and inflammation, with major clinical relevance in ACE inhibitor side effects, hereditary angioedema, and inflammatory disease. - [Bronchogen](/docs/peptides/bronchogen): Bronchogen is a bioregulatory tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Leu) with tissue-specific effects in the lungs, studied for its ability to stabilize DNA, reduce inflammation, and promote epithelial repair in pulmonary tissue. Research indicates geroprotective properties through regulation of DNA transcription pathways and reduction of age-related lung function decline. - [Buserelin](/docs/peptides/buserelin): Buserelin is a synthetic GnRH agonist with a D-Ser(tBu)6 substitution and C-terminal ethylamide modification, approximately 40x more potent than native GnRH. Marketed as Suprefact and Suprecur, it is used clinically for prostate cancer, endometriosis, and IVF downregulation, with wider adoption in Europe, Canada, and Australia than the United States. - **C** - [C-Peptide](/docs/peptides/c-peptide): C-Peptide (Connecting Peptide) is a 31-amino acid peptide cleaved from proinsulin during insulin biosynthesis. Once considered biologically inert, it is now recognized as a bioactive molecule with therapeutic potential in diabetic neuropathy, nephropathy, and vascular complications, as well as a critical biomarker for beta cell function and insulin secretion. - [CagriSema (Cagrilintide + Semaglutide)](/docs/peptides/cagrilintide-semaglutide): CagriSema is a fixed-ratio combination of cagrilintide (a long-acting amylin receptor agonist) and semaglutide (a GLP-1 receptor agonist) developed by Novo Nordisk. The REDEFINE clinical trial program has demonstrated superior weight loss (~25% body weight) compared to either component alone through synergistic amylin-GLP-1 dual-action mechanisms. - [Cagrilintide](/docs/peptides/cagrilintide): Cagrilintide is a long-acting amylin receptor agonist developed by Novo Nordisk for obesity treatment. It is being studied both as monotherapy and in combination with semaglutide (CagriSema) in the Phase 3 REDEFINE program. - [Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP)](/docs/peptides/calcitonin-gene-related-peptide): Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) is a 37-amino-acid neuropeptide and the most potent endogenous vasodilator known. Existing as α-CGRP (neural) and β-CGRP (enteric) isoforms, it signals through the CLR/RAMP1 receptor complex and plays a central role in migraine pathophysiology, neurogenic inflammation, and cardiovascular protection. - [CAR Peptide](/docs/peptides/car-peptide): CAR peptide is a cell-penetrating STAT3-inhibiting peptide with research applications in cancer, neuroinflammation, and autoimmune conditions, blocking STAT3 dimerization and transcriptional activity. - [Cardiogen](/docs/peptides/cardiogen): Cardiogen (AEDR) is a synthetic tetrapeptide bioregulator that modulates fibroblast activity in cardiac tissue, studied for its cardioprotective effects and potential anti-tumor properties. Research suggests it may improve outcomes in heart failure, hypertension, and sarcoma through regulation of apoptosis and tissue remodeling pathways. - [Cartalax](/docs/peptides/cartalax): Cartalax (AED) is a synthetic tripeptide bioregulator that modulates fibroblast function across multiple tissues, studied for its geroprotective effects on skin, cartilage, and kidney tissue. Research demonstrates it increases cell proliferation and reduces senescence markers through regulation of Ki-67, p53, and SIRT-6 pathways. - [Cerebrolysin](/docs/peptides/cerebrolysin): Cerebrolysin is a neuropeptide preparation derived from porcine brain proteins containing neurotrophic factors that mimic BDNF and NGF, extensively researched for Alzheimer's disease, stroke recovery, traumatic brain injury, and cognitive enhancement. - [Cerluten](/docs/peptides/cerluten): Cerluten is a complex peptide bioregulator preparation derived from brain tissue, developed at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology for research in cognitive aging, neurodegeneration, and cerebral function. Distinguished from cortagen (AEDP), which is a single tetrapeptide CNS bioregulator. - [Cholecystokinin (CCK)](/docs/peptides/cholecystokinin): Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a gut-brain peptide existing in multiple bioactive forms (CCK-8, CCK-33, CCK-58) that signals through CCK-A (peripheral) and CCK-B (CNS) receptors. It mediates gallbladder contraction, pancreatic secretion, satiety, and anxiety/panic responses, with CCK-4 serving as a validated panic-induction model. - [Chonluten](/docs/peptides/chonluten): Chonluten is a short tripeptide bioregulator (Glu-Asp-Gly) that modulates gene expression related to inflammation and antioxidant activity, with primary research focus on lung tissue and secondary effects in the gastrointestinal tract. - [CJC-1295 DAC](/docs/peptides/cjc-1295-dac): CJC-1295 DAC is a synthetic growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) analogue consisting of the first 29 amino acids of GHRH, conjugated with a drug affinity complex (DAC) that extends its plasma half-life to approximately 6-8 days. - [CJC-1295 / GHRP-2 Blend](/docs/peptides/cjc-1295-ghrp-2-blend): A research peptide blend combining CJC-1295 (no DAC) and GHRP-2, two growth hormone secretagogues that act on distinct receptor pathways (GHRH-R and GHS-R1a) to synergistically amplify pituitary GH release. Preclinical studies suggest cooperative effects on body composition, cardiac function, and immune regulation. - [CJC-1295 / GHRP-6 Blend](/docs/peptides/cjc-1295-ghrp-6-blend): A research peptide blend combining CJC-1295 (no DAC), a GHRH analogue, with GHRP-6, a synthetic ghrelin analogue, to synergistically elevate growth hormone levels through complementary pituitary receptor activation. Preclinical research highlights benefits in wound healing, neuroprotection, and bone health. - [CJC-1295 / Hexarelin Blend](/docs/peptides/cjc-1295-hexarelin-blend): A research peptide blend combining CJC-1295 (no DAC) and Hexarelin, two growth hormone secretagogues studied for their synergistic effects on GH release, cardioprotection, and metabolic regulation. Hexarelin's strong cardiac tropism complements CJC-1295's sustained GH pulsatility for combined anabolic and cardioprotective research applications. - [CJC-1295 / Ipamorelin Blend](/docs/peptides/cjc-1295-ipamorelin-blend): A research peptide blend combining CJC-1295 (Mod GRF 1-29), a GHRH analogue, with Ipamorelin, a selective ghrelin receptor agonist, to achieve synergistic growth hormone release through dual-pathway activation of pituitary somatotrophs. - [CJC-1295 (Mod GRF 1-29)](/docs/peptides/cjc-1295): CJC-1295 without DAC (Modified GRF 1-29) is a synthetic analog of growth hormone-releasing hormone with four amino acid substitutions that enhance metabolic stability. It promotes pulsatile GH release with a short half-life of approximately 30 minutes. - [CJC-1295 / Ipamorelin / GHRP-2 Blend](/docs/peptides/cjc1295-ipamorelin-ghrp-2-blend): A triple-peptide research blend combining CJC-1295 (GHRH analogue), Ipamorelin, and GHRP-2 (two mechanistically distinct ghrelin receptor agonists), designed to maximize growth hormone release through concurrent triple-pathway activation of pituitary somatotrophs. - [CNTF](/docs/peptides/cntf): Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor (CNTF) is a member of the IL-6 cytokine family that signals through the CNTFRα/LIFRβ/gp130 tripartite receptor complex to activate JAK/STAT3 signaling, with research applications in ALS, retinal degeneration, and obesity. - [Colivelin](/docs/peptides/colivelin): Colivelin is a hybrid neuroprotective peptide combining activity-dependent neurotrophic factor (ADNF) fragment with humanin, demonstrating potent protection against Alzheimer's-related neurotoxicity through dual STAT3 and humanin receptor signaling. - [Cortagen](/docs/peptides/cortagen): Cortagen is a synthetic tetrapeptide bioregulator (Ala-Glu-Asp-Pro) studied for its effects on central nervous system gene expression, chromatin remodeling, and neuroprotective signaling in neural tissues. - [Cortexin](/docs/peptides/cortexin): Cortexin is a complex of water-soluble neuropeptides isolated from the cerebral cortex of cattle and pigs, used clinically in Russia for neuroprotection in traumatic brain injury, ischemic stroke recovery, pediatric cognitive disorders, and age-related neurodegeneration. - [Cortistatin (CST-14 / CST-17)](/docs/peptides/cortistatin): Cortistatin is a somatostatin-related neuropeptide existing as 14- or 17-amino acid isoforms (CST-14, CST-17). Despite sharing 11 of 14 residues with somatostatin, cortistatin is encoded by a distinct gene and exhibits unique anti-inflammatory, neuromodulatory, and sleep-promoting properties, including binding to the ghrelin receptor (GHSR-1a). - [CRH (Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone)](/docs/peptides/crh): CRH is the 41-amino acid master regulator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, driving ACTH release and the cortisol stress cascade. CRH is the endocrinological designation for the same molecule known as CRF in neuroscience, with particular relevance to adrenal function, placental biology, and inflammatory conditions. - **D** - [Danuglipron](/docs/peptides/danuglipron): Danuglipron (PF-06882961) is an oral non-peptide small molecule GLP-1 receptor agonist developed by Pfizer. Originally investigated as a twice-daily formulation, a modified-release once-daily version is in development for type 2 diabetes and obesity. - [Davunetide (AL-108)](/docs/peptides/davunetide): Davunetide (AL-108) is an intranasal formulation of the NAP peptide (NAPVSIPQ) derived from activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP), developed by Allon Therapeutics for clinical trials in schizophrenia cognitive impairment, progressive supranuclear palsy, and mild cognitive impairment. - [Decapeptide-12](/docs/peptides/decapeptide-12): Decapeptide-12 is a synthetic oligopeptide that potently inhibits tyrosinase activity, reducing melanin production in melanocyte cultures. It is under investigation as a topical agent for hyperpigmentation and skin-lightening applications in animal models. - [Alpha-Defensins (HNP-1 to HNP-4, HD-5, HD-6)](/docs/peptides/defensin-alpha): Alpha-defensins are 29-35 amino acid cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptides stored in neutrophil azurophilic granules (HNP-1 to HNP-4) and Paneth cells (HD-5, HD-6), forming the first line of innate immune defense through membrane pore formation and immunomodulation. - [Beta-Defensins](/docs/peptides/defensin-beta): Beta-defensins (hBD-1, hBD-2, hBD-3) are cationic antimicrobial peptides of the innate immune system, expressed by epithelial cells to provide first-line defense against microbial pathogens at barrier surfaces including skin, respiratory tract, and urogenital tract. - [Deltorphin](/docs/peptides/deltorphin): Deltorphin is a family of amphibian-derived opioid heptapeptides isolated from the skin of Phyllomedusa bicolor (giant monkey frog) that display the highest known selectivity for the delta-opioid receptor (DOR). The incorporation of a D-amino acid at position 2 confers exceptional enzymatic stability and receptor selectivity, making deltorphins essential research tools for delta-opioid pharmacology and potential templates for non-addictive analgesics. - [Dermcidin](/docs/peptides/dermcidin): Dermcidin (DCD) is a 47-amino acid antimicrobial peptide constitutively secreted by human eccrine sweat glands, providing first-line innate immune defense on the skin surface under the acidic, high-salt conditions of human sweat. - [Dihexa](/docs/peptides/dihexa): Dihexa (N-hexanoic-Tyr-Ile-(6)-aminohexanoic amide) is a truncated angiotensin IV analogue and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/MET receptor system potentiator studied for cognitive enhancement, with reported potency 100,000-fold greater than brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in promoting synaptogenesis. - [Dipeptide Diaminobutyroyl Benzylamide](/docs/peptides/dipeptide-diaminobutyroyl-benzylamide): Dipeptide Diaminobutyroyl Benzylamide is the active ingredient in SYN-AKE, a synthetic peptide mimicking waglerin-1 from temple viper venom that acts as a reversible antagonist at the muscular nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. - [DSIP (Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide)](/docs/peptides/dsip): DSIP is a naturally occurring nonapeptide neuromodulator that promotes delta-wave sleep patterns and modulates stress responses. It interacts with multiple neurotransmitter systems including opioid, serotonergic, and GABAergic pathways. - [Dynorphin A](/docs/peptides/dyn-a): Dynorphin A is a 17-amino acid endogenous opioid peptide derived from prodynorphin that acts primarily as a kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) agonist, with research applications in pain modulation, stress responses, addiction neurobiology, and mood disorders. - **E** - [Ecnoglutide (XW003)](/docs/peptides/ecnoglutide): Ecnoglutide (XW003) is a long-acting Fc-fusion GLP-1 receptor agonist developed by Sciwind Biosciences and Gan & Lee Pharmaceuticals for obesity and type 2 diabetes, administered as a once-weekly subcutaneous injection. - [EGF (Epidermal Growth Factor)](/docs/peptides/egf-peptide): EGF is a 53-amino acid polypeptide that binds the EGF receptor to stimulate cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival, with applications in wound healing and anti-aging skincare. - [Elastin Tripeptide](/docs/peptides/elastin-tripeptide): Elastin-derived tripeptides such as Val-Gly-Val (VGV) and related VGVAPG repeat-derived sequences are bioactive peptide fragments investigated for their roles in elastin synthesis stimulation, dermal elasticity maintenance, and skin anti-aging applications. - [Endoluten](/docs/peptides/endoluten): Endoluten is a complex peptide bioregulator preparation derived from pineal gland tissue, developed at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology. Research focuses on melatonin pathway regulation, circadian rhythm normalization, and neuroendocrine aging. - [Endomorphin-1](/docs/peptides/endomorphin-1): Endomorphin-1 (Tyr-Pro-Trp-Phe-NH₂) is an endogenous opioid tetrapeptide with the highest known selectivity and affinity for the mu-opioid receptor (MOR) among naturally occurring peptides. It produces potent analgesia with potentially reduced respiratory depression compared to morphine, making it a key research target for non-addictive pain therapeutics. - [Endomorphin-2](/docs/peptides/endomorphin-2): Endomorphin-2 (Tyr-Pro-Phe-Phe-NH₂) is an endogenous opioid tetrapeptide with high mu-opioid receptor selectivity, discovered alongside endomorphin-1. It differs by a single residue (Phe³ vs Trp³) and shows a distinct distribution pattern with predominant spinal cord localization, suggesting complementary roles in supraspinal (EM-1) versus spinal (EM-2) analgesia. - [Endostatin](/docs/peptides/endostatin): Endostatin is a 20 kDa C-terminal fragment of collagen XVIII and one of the most potent endogenous angiogenesis inhibitors known. Discovered by O'Reilly and Folkman in 1997, it inhibits endothelial cell proliferation through VEGFR2 inhibition, integrin binding, and HIF-1α suppression. Endostar (recombinant human endostatin) is approved in China for non-small cell lung cancer, while clinical trials in the US and Europe explored its broader oncologic potential. - [Enfuvirtide](/docs/peptides/enfuvirtide): Enfuvirtide (T-20, Fuzeon) is a 36-amino acid synthetic peptide derived from the HR2 region of HIV-1 gp41. It is the first FDA-approved HIV fusion inhibitor (2003), blocking viral entry by preventing six-helix bundle formation required for membrane fusion. - [EP-100](/docs/peptides/ep100): EP-100 is a chimeric peptide conjugate consisting of an LHRH (luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone) targeting domain fused to a synthetic lytic peptide, designed to selectively target and destroy LHRH receptor-expressing cancer cells through membrane disruption, with clinical investigation in triple-negative breast cancer and ovarian cancer. - [Epithalon](/docs/peptides/epithalon): Epithalon (Epitalon) is a synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) derived from the pineal gland extract Epithalamin, studied for its ability to activate telomerase, elongate telomeres, and extend lifespan in animal models. It also modulates melatonin secretion, gene expression, and has demonstrated anti-tumor properties in rodent research. - **F** - [FGL (NCAM-Derived Peptide)](/docs/peptides/fgl): FGL (FG Loop peptide) is a synthetic peptide derived from the second fibronectin type III domain of neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM). It activates FGFR1 to promote neuroprotection, synaptic plasticity, and cognitive function, with preclinical efficacy in Alzheimer's disease and neuroinflammation models. - [Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)](/docs/peptides/follicle-stimulating-hormone): Follicle-stimulating hormone is a glycoprotein gonadotropin essential for follicular development, ovarian stimulation in IVF, and spermatogenesis support. Available as recombinant (follitropin alfa/beta) and urinary-derived formulations, with emerging biosimilars expanding access to fertility treatment worldwide. - [Follistatin-315](/docs/peptides/follistatin-315): Follistatin-315 is a naturally occurring activin- and myostatin-binding glycoprotein isoform studied for its roles in muscle growth, inflammation regulation, blood vessel development, and kidney disease. - [FOXO4-DRI](/docs/peptides/foxo4-dri): FOXO4-DRI is a D-retro-inverso senolytic peptide that selectively induces apoptosis in senescent cells by disrupting the FOXO4-p53 protein-protein interaction, with research applications in aging reversal, fibrosis, and chemotherapy recovery. - **G** - [Galanin](/docs/peptides/galanin): Galanin is a 29-amino acid neuropeptide (30 in most non-human species) that signals through GalR1, GalR2, and GalR3 receptor subtypes to modulate depression, pain, cognition, feeding behavior, and seizure activity. GalR2 agonists are emerging as novel antidepressant candidates, while galanin's role in Alzheimer's disease through regulation of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons makes it a key target in neurodegeneration research. - [GDF-11](/docs/peptides/gdf-11): GDF-11 (Growth Differentiation Factor 11) is a member of the TGF-beta superfamily that gained prominence from parabiosis rejuvenation studies, with demonstrated effects on cardiac hypertrophy, neurogenesis, and skeletal muscle, though its role in aging remains highly controversial. - [Growth Differentiation Factor 9 (GDF-9)](/docs/peptides/gdf-9): GDF-9 is a TGF-β superfamily member secreted exclusively by oocytes that regulates cumulus cell expansion, granulosa cell proliferation, and folliculogenesis. It serves as a biomarker for oocyte quality in IVF and is implicated in PCOS follicular dysregulation, premature ovarian insufficiency, and twin ovulation rate genetics. - [GHK-Cu](/docs/peptides/ghk-cu): GHK-Cu is a naturally occurring copper-binding tripeptide that modulates gene expression, attenuates inflammation, improves antioxidant responses, and promotes tissue repair through copper-mediated redox mechanisms. - [Ghrelin](/docs/peptides/ghrelin): Ghrelin is a 28-amino-acid peptide hormone primarily produced by X/A-like cells of the gastric fundus, functioning as the endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a). It is the only known peripherally produced orexigenic hormone, playing critical roles in appetite stimulation, growth hormone release, energy homeostasis, and gastrointestinal motility. - [GHRH (Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone)](/docs/peptides/ghrh): GHRH is a 44-amino acid endogenous hypothalamic peptide that stimulates pulsatile growth hormone release from the anterior pituitary. It is the primary physiological regulator of GH secretion and the parent molecule from which synthetic analogues like sermorelin and CJC-1295 are derived. - [GHRP-1](/docs/peptides/ghrp-1): GHRP-1 is the first synthetic growth hormone releasing peptide discovered by Cyril Bowers, acting as a ghrelin receptor agonist with historical significance in the discovery of the GHS-R1a receptor and endogenous ghrelin. - [GHRP-2](/docs/peptides/ghrp-2): GHRP-2 (pralmorelin) is a synthetic growth hormone secretagogue that binds the ghrelin receptor, with research applications in muscle preservation, appetite regulation, immune function, sleep quality, and pain modulation. - [GHRP-4](/docs/peptides/ghrp-4): GHRP-4 is a synthetic hexapeptide analog in the growth hormone releasing peptide series, acting as a ghrelin receptor agonist with limited published characterization compared to GHRP-2 and GHRP-6. - [GHRP-6](/docs/peptides/ghrp-6): GHRP-6 is a synthetic ghrelin receptor agonist and growth hormone secretagogue with research applications in neuroprotection, memory, wound healing, cardiac protection, and mood regulation. - [GHRP-7](/docs/peptides/ghrp-7): GHRP-7 is an obscure modified hexapeptide analog in the growth hormone releasing peptide series with very limited published data, representing one of the less characterized variants from GHS-R1a structure-activity research. - [GIP (Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide)](/docs/peptides/gip): GIP (Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide) is an endogenous incretin hormone produced by intestinal K-cells that potentiates insulin secretion and plays key roles in lipid metabolism, bone health, and adipose tissue function. It is a critical component of tirzepatide's dual agonist mechanism. - [Glow Blend (TB-500 / BPC-157 / GHK-Cu)](/docs/peptides/glow-blend): A research peptide blend combining TB-500 (10mg), BPC-157 (10mg), and GHK-Cu (50mg) — three tissue-repair and anti-aging peptides with complementary mechanisms spanning angiogenesis, cell migration, collagen synthesis, and gene expression modulation for skin rejuvenation, wound healing, and systemic regeneration. - [GLP-1 (Glucagon-Like Peptide-1)](/docs/peptides/glp-1): GLP-1 (Glucagon-Like Peptide-1) is an endogenous incretin hormone produced by intestinal L-cells that regulates glucose homeostasis, appetite, and gastric emptying. It is the parent compound for major pharmaceutical GLP-1 receptor agonists including semaglutide, liraglutide, and exenatide. - [GLP-2 (Glucagon-Like Peptide-2)](/docs/peptides/glp-2): GLP-2 is a 33-amino acid intestinotrophic peptide hormone derived from proglucagon processing in intestinal L-cells. It promotes intestinal mucosal growth, enhances nutrient absorption, reduces gut permeability, and is the basis for teduglutide (Gattex), approved for short bowel syndrome, with several next-generation analogs in advanced clinical development. - [Glucagon](/docs/peptides/glucagon): Glucagon is a 29-amino acid counter-regulatory peptide hormone produced by pancreatic alpha cells that raises blood glucose through hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. It is used therapeutically for severe hypoglycemia, GI imaging, and beta-blocker/calcium channel blocker overdose, with emerging research into dual GLP-1/glucagon receptor agonists for obesity and metabolic disease. - [GnRH (Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone)](/docs/peptides/gnrh): GnRH is a hypothalamic decapeptide that serves as the master regulator of vertebrate reproduction, controlling LH and FSH release from the anterior pituitary through pulsatile signaling via the GnRH receptor on gonadotroph cells. - [Gonadorelin](/docs/peptides/gonadorelin): Gonadorelin (GnRH) is a decapeptide gonadotropin-releasing hormone that stimulates LH and FSH release, with clinical applications in fertility assessment and research into breast cancer, prostate cancer, and Alzheimer's disease. - [GV1001](/docs/peptides/gv1001): GV1001 is a 16-amino acid peptide derived from the active site of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT 611-626) developed as a cancer vaccine and repurposed for Alzheimer's disease, with demonstrated anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and cell-penetrating properties independent of its immunogenic function. - **H** - [HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin)](/docs/peptides/hcg): Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) is a glycoprotein hormone consisting of 237 amino acids (alpha and beta subunits) that mimics luteinizing hormone, stimulating testosterone production in males and supporting corpus luteum function in females. It is used clinically in fertility treatment, hypogonadism management, and post-cycle therapy. - [Hexapeptide-11](/docs/peptides/hexapeptide-11): Hexapeptide-11 is a yeast-derived peptide from Saccharomyces cerevisiae that stimulates keratinocyte renewal and cell cycle progression, researched for improving skin surface quality and turnover rate in cosmetic applications. - [Hexarelin](/docs/peptides/hexarelin): Hexarelin is a synthetic hexapeptide growth hormone secretagogue and ghrelin analogue with potent cardioprotective effects, muscle-preserving properties, and lipid metabolism benefits. - [Histatin 5](/docs/peptides/histatin-5): Histatin 5 is a 24-amino acid histidine-rich salivary antimicrobial peptide with potent antifungal activity against Candida albicans, acting through a unique mitochondrial targeting mechanism distinct from membrane disruption. - [HMG (Human Menopausal Gonadotropin)](/docs/peptides/hmg): Human Menopausal Gonadotropin (hMG/Menotropins) is a combination of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) extracted from postmenopausal urine, used clinically for ovulation induction in IVF and treatment of male hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. - [Humanin](/docs/peptides/humanin): Humanin is a 24-amino acid mitochondria-derived micro-peptide that protects cells from oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, with research applications in neurodegeneration, cardiovascular disease, metabolic regulation, and aging. - **I** - [Des(1-3) IGF-1](/docs/peptides/igf-1-des): Des(1-3) IGF-1 is a truncated form of insulin-like growth factor-1 missing the first three amino acids, resulting in dramatically reduced IGFBP binding, approximately 10-fold greater potency than native IGF-1, and preferential concentration in brain tissue. - [IGF-1 LR3](/docs/peptides/igf-1-lr3): IGF-1 LR3 is a synthetic modified construct of insulin-like growth factor-1 with an extended half-life that enhances cell division, fat metabolism, and muscle repair through reduced binding to IGF binding proteins. - [IGF-1 (Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1)](/docs/peptides/igf-1): IGF-1 is an endogenous 70-amino acid polypeptide structurally similar to insulin that mediates most of growth hormone's anabolic effects. It plays critical roles in growth, tissue repair, muscle hypertrophy, and neuroprotection, with a complex relationship to cancer risk and longevity. - [IGF-2](/docs/peptides/igf-2): IGF-2 (Insulin-like Growth Factor 2) is a 67 amino acid peptide hormone critical for fetal growth and development, regulated by genomic imprinting. It signals through IGF-1R, insulin receptor isoform A, and its own IGF-2R (mannose-6-phosphate receptor), with roles in cancer biology, metabolism, and tissue repair. - [Imunofan](/docs/peptides/imunofan): Imunofan (Arg-Asp-Lys-Val-Tyr-Arg) is a synthetic hexapeptide derived from a modified thymopoietin fragment, developed in Russia as an immunomodulator with antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties. It is used clinically as an adjunct in HIV, cancer, and chronic hepatitis. - [Insulin-Like Peptide 3 (INSL3)](/docs/peptides/insulin-like-peptide-3): INSL3 (Relaxin-Like Factor) is a two-chain peptide hormone produced primarily by Leydig cells in the testes and theca cells in the ovary. It serves as a critical biomarker of Leydig cell function and plays key roles in testicular descent, bone metabolism, and reproductive physiology through activation of the RXFP2 receptor. - [Intestinal Trefoil Factor (ITF/TFF3)](/docs/peptides/intestinal-trefoil-factor): Intestinal Trefoil Factor (TFF3) is a 59-amino acid trefoil peptide secreted by goblet cells that plays a central role in mucosal restitution and epithelial barrier maintenance throughout the gastrointestinal tract. It promotes rapid wound healing of the gut epithelium through motogenic signaling independent of cell proliferation, and is under investigation for oral formulations targeting inflammatory bowel disease and other GI barrier disorders. - [IPA Blend (CJC-1295 / Ipamorelin)](/docs/peptides/ipa-blend): A research peptide blend combining CJC-1295 (Mod GRF 1-29, 5mg) with Ipamorelin (10mg), pairing a GHRH analogue with a selective ghrelin receptor agonist for synergistic pulsatile growth hormone release through dual-receptor activation on pituitary somatotrophs. - [Ipamorelin](/docs/peptides/ipamorelin): Ipamorelin is a highly selective growth hormone secretagogue pentapeptide that binds the ghrelin receptor without affecting ACTH, prolactin, or cortisol release. It is researched for applications in bone health, muscle preservation, diabetes, and gastrointestinal motility. - **K** - [KEDW (Epigenetic Bioregulator)](/docs/peptides/kedw): KEDW (Lys-Glu-Asp-Trp) is a synthetic tetrapeptide bioregulator investigated for its broad epigenetic effects across multiple tissues, including chromatin remodeling, multi-organ gene expression modulation, and epigenetic aging reversal. - [KGF (Keratinocyte Growth Factor)](/docs/peptides/kgf-peptide): KGF (FGF-7) is a 163-amino acid growth factor that specifically targets keratinocytes via the FGFR2-IIIb receptor, with clinical applications in mucositis treatment, wound healing, and hair follicle biology. - [Kisspeptin-10](/docs/peptides/kisspeptin-10): Kisspeptin-10 is a synthetic decapeptide that activates the KISS1R (GPR54) receptor to modulate GnRH neuron signaling. It is researched for applications in neuroendocrine regulation, metabolic signaling, oncology, and cardiovascular biology. - [Kisspeptin-54](/docs/peptides/kisspeptin-54): Kisspeptin-54 (metastin) is the full-length bioactive fragment of the KISS1 gene product (amino acids 68-121), a 54-amino acid peptide that activates KISS1R (GPR54) to regulate GnRH pulsatility, LH/FSH release, and reproductive function. It has a longer half-life than kisspeptin-10 and is being developed as an IVF trigger to prevent ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. - [Klotho](/docs/peptides/klotho): Klotho is a transmembrane protein and circulating hormone that functions as a co-receptor for FGF23, regulates phosphate homeostasis, suppresses aging-related signaling pathways, and protects against kidney disease, neurodegeneration, and cardiovascular calcification. - [Klow80 Blend (TB-500 / BPC-157 / GHK-Cu / Ipamorelin)](/docs/peptides/klow80-blend): An 80mg research peptide blend combining TB-500 (10mg), BPC-157 (10mg), GHK-Cu (50mg), and Ipamorelin (10mg) — integrating growth hormone pulsatile release with tissue repair, collagen synthesis, and anti-aging gene modulation for comprehensive regeneration. - [KPV](/docs/peptides/kpv): KPV is a C-terminal tripeptide fragment of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone with potent anti-inflammatory properties. It is primarily researched for inflammatory bowel disease, wound healing, and scar reduction. - [Kristagen](/docs/peptides/kristagen): Kristagen is a complex peptide bioregulator preparation derived from thymus tissue, developed to support immune function and T-cell-mediated immunity. Research focuses on its potential for countering thymic involution, restoring age-related immune decline, and supporting T-cell differentiation through tissue-specific peptide signaling. - **L** - [Lac-Leu (N-Lactoyl-Leucine)](/docs/peptides/lac-leu): N-Lactoyl-leucine (Lac-Leu) is a lactate-amino acid conjugate produced during exercise by the CNDP2 enzyme. A sister metabolite to Lac-Phe, Lac-Leu crosses the blood-brain barrier and is being investigated for exercise-induced neuroprotection, cognitive enhancement, and metabolic regulation. - [Lac-Phe (N-Lactoyl-Phenylalanine)](/docs/peptides/lac-phe): Lac-Phe (N-lactoyl-phenylalanine) is a lactate-amino acid conjugate produced by the enzyme CNDP2 during exercise. It is the most significantly elevated blood metabolite after intense physical activity and suppresses food intake through a brain-fat axis signaling mechanism, with implications for obesity treatment. - [Lactoferrin-Derived Antimicrobial Peptides (Lactoferricin, Lactoferrampin)](/docs/peptides/lactoferrin-peptide): Lactoferricin and lactoferrampin are potent antimicrobial peptides derived from the N-terminal region of bovine and human lactoferrin, exhibiting broad-spectrum antimicrobial, anti-biofilm, anticancer, and antiviral activities through membrane-active mechanisms independent of iron binding. - [Larazotide (AT-1001)](/docs/peptides/larazotide): Larazotide acetate (AT-1001) is a synthetic tight junction regulatory peptide derived from Vibrio cholerae zonula occludens toxin that modulates intestinal permeability by antagonizing the zonulin pathway, primarily investigated for celiac disease and intestinal barrier dysfunction. - [Leu-Enkephalin](/docs/peptides/leu-enkephalin): Leu-enkephalin (YGGFL) is an endogenous opioid pentapeptide and preferential delta-opioid receptor agonist involved in pain modulation, mood regulation, immune function, and stress response. - [LIV Tripeptide (Leu-Ile-Val)](/docs/peptides/leu-ile-val-tripeptide): LIV tripeptide (Leu-Ile-Val) is a branched-chain amino acid-derived bioactive peptide that activates muscle satellite cells and stimulates mTOR-mediated protein synthesis, investigated for muscle recovery, exercise-induced muscle damage repair, and sarcopenia prevention. - [Lipopeptide (Biopeptide EL)](/docs/peptides/lipopeptide): Lipopeptide (Biopeptide EL) is a palmitoylated tetrapeptide (Pal-GQPR) consisting of a lipid connected to a peptide chain, studied for its ability to stimulate collagen and hyaluronic acid production in skin cells. - [Liraglutide](/docs/peptides/liraglutide): Liraglutide is a long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist studied for its effects on glucose homeostasis, appetite regulation, cardiovascular protection, and neuroprotection. It is a modified analogue of human GLP-1 with a half-life of approximately 13 hours. - [Livagen](/docs/peptides/livagen): Livagen is a short bioregulatory tetrapeptide that decondenses chromatin to reactivate silenced genes, with research applications in immune system rejuvenation, cardiac health, pain modulation, GI protection, and aging. - [LKEK (Vascular Bioregulator)](/docs/peptides/lkek): LKEK is a synthetic tetrapeptide bioregulator (Leu-Lys-Glu-Lys) investigated for its effects on vascular endothelial function, collagen synthesis regulation, and vascular wall integrity within the Khavinson bioregulatory peptide series. - [LL-37](/docs/peptides/ll-37): LL-37 is the only human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide, playing a critical role in innate immunity through direct antimicrobial activity, immunomodulation, wound healing, and anti-biofilm properties. - **M** - [Magainin](/docs/peptides/magainin): Magainins are 23-amino acid alpha-helical antimicrobial peptides discovered in the skin of the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) by Michael Zasloff in 1987, notable for their membrane-disrupting toroidal pore mechanism and cancer cell selectivity. - [Maritide (AMG 133)](/docs/peptides/maritide): Maritide (AMG 133/MariTide) is a first-in-class bispecific antibody-peptide conjugate that simultaneously activates GLP-1 receptors and antagonizes GIP receptors, developed by Amgen for obesity and metabolic disease with monthly or less frequent dosing. - [Matrixyl](/docs/peptides/matrixyl): Matrixyl (palmitoyl pentapeptide-4) is a synthetic lipopeptide that stimulates collagen, collagen IV, and hyaluronic acid synthesis in skin fibroblasts. It is researched for its wound-healing and anti-wrinkle properties. - [Mazdutide](/docs/peptides/mazdutide): Mazdutide (IBI362/LY3305677) is a GLP-1/glucagon dual receptor agonist developed by Innovent Biologics and Eli Lilly. This oxyntomodulin-based peptide analog is administered once weekly by subcutaneous injection and is being evaluated in Phase 3 trials for obesity and type 2 diabetes, with the glucagon component providing additional energy expenditure and hepatic fat reduction benefits. - [Mechano Growth Factor (MGF)](/docs/peptides/mechano-growth-factor): Mechano Growth Factor (MGF) is the C-terminal splice variant of IGF-1 (IGF-1Ec in humans) produced in response to mechanical loading, activating muscle satellite stem cells for local tissue repair with distinct signaling from systemic IGF-1. - [Melanotan I (Afamelanotide)](/docs/peptides/melanotan-1): Melanotan I (afamelanotide) is a synthetic tridecapeptide analog of alpha-MSH with selective MC1R agonist activity, FDA-approved as Scenesse for erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP). It stimulates eumelanin production for photoprotection without requiring UV exposure. - [Melanotan 2](/docs/peptides/melanotan-2): Melanotan 2 (MT-2) is a synthetic cyclic heptapeptide analog of alpha-MSH that acts as a non-selective melanocortin receptor agonist, studied for effects on skin pigmentation, sexual function, appetite regulation, and metabolic signaling. - [Met-Enkephalin](/docs/peptides/met-enkephalin): Met-enkephalin (YGGFM) is an endogenous opioid pentapeptide with dual roles as a delta/mu-opioid receptor agonist and opioid growth factor (OGF), with research applications in pain modulation, cancer immunotherapy, and immune regulation. - [MF59 + Peptide Vaccines](/docs/peptides/mf59-peptide): MF59 is a squalene-based oil-in-water emulsion adjuvant that enhances immune responses to peptide vaccines. It is used in licensed influenza vaccines and researched for HIV, cancer, and pandemic preparedness applications. - [Mod GRF / Ipamorelin / GHRP-2 Blend](/docs/peptides/mod-grf-ipamorelin-ghrp-2-blend): A triple-peptide research blend combining Mod GRF 1-29 (a modified GHRH analogue), Ipamorelin, and GHRP-2 (both ghrelin receptor agonists), designed to synergistically amplify growth hormone release through complementary receptor pathways. - [Motilin](/docs/peptides/motilin): Motilin is a 22-amino-acid peptide hormone produced by Mo cells of the duodenal and jejunal mucosa that regulates interdigestive gastrointestinal motility through initiation of the migrating motor complex (MMC). It acts through the motilin receptor (GPR38) and is the physiological basis for erythromycin's prokinetic effects, making it a key target in gastroparesis and motility disorder research. - [MOTS-c](/docs/peptides/mots-c): MOTS-c is a mitochondrial-derived peptide composed of 16 amino acids that regulates cellular energy metabolism, promotes metabolic homeostasis, and has demonstrated effects on insulin sensitivity, fat metabolism, bone health, and longevity. - **N** - [Nafarelin](/docs/peptides/nafarelin): Nafarelin is a synthetic GnRH agonist with a D-Nal(2)6 substitution, approximately 200x more potent than native GnRH. Marketed exclusively as an intranasal spray (Synarel, Pfizer), it is FDA-approved for endometriosis and central precocious puberty, and widely used for IVF long-protocol downregulation. - [NAP Peptide (NAPVSIPQ)](/docs/peptides/nap-peptide): NAP (NAPVSIPQ) is an eight-amino acid peptide derived from activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP) that provides femtomolar-level neuroprotection through microtubule stabilization and tau interaction, with research in Alzheimer's disease, autism spectrum disorder, and neurodegeneration. - [Neuropeptide Y (NPY)](/docs/peptides/neuropeptide-y): Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36-amino acid peptide and the most abundant neuropeptide in the mammalian brain, playing critical roles in appetite regulation, anxiety modulation, stress resilience, cardiovascular control, and bone metabolism through Y1–Y5 receptor subtypes. - [Neurotensin (NT)](/docs/peptides/neurotensin): Neurotensin is a 13-amino acid neuropeptide with endogenous antipsychotic-like properties, mediating hypothermia, antinociception, and dopamine modulation through NTS1 and NTS2 receptors. It is investigated as a basis for novel antipsychotic agents targeting schizophrenia without extrapyramidal side effects. - [NGF (Nerve Growth Factor)](/docs/peptides/ngf): Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) is a neurotrophic protein essential for the survival, maintenance, and differentiation of sympathetic and sensory neurons. It signals through TrkA and p75NTR receptors and is a major research target in Alzheimer's disease, chronic pain, and corneal nerve regeneration. - [Nociceptin/Orphanin FQ](/docs/peptides/nociceptin): Nociceptin (Orphanin FQ, N/OFQ) is a 17-amino-acid neuropeptide that signals through the NOP receptor (ORL-1). Structurally related to dynorphin but functionally distinct from classical opioids, it modulates pain, stress, anxiety, and addiction through complex, often anti-opioid mechanisms. - [Nonapeptide-1](/docs/peptides/nonapeptide-1): Nonapeptide-1 (Melanostatine-5) is an MSH antagonist peptide that competes for MC1R receptor binding to inhibit melanin synthesis, used in skin brightening and pigmentation correction products. - [NT-3](/docs/peptides/nt-3): Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) is a member of the neurotrophin family that signals primarily through the TrkC receptor to promote survival and regeneration of proprioceptive neurons, spinal cord axons, and cochlear neurons, with emerging applications in spinal cord injury and hearing loss research. - **O** - [Obestatin](/docs/peptides/obestatin): Obestatin is a 23-amino-acid peptide derived from the same preproghrelin precursor protein as ghrelin, initially reported as an anorexigenic counterpart to ghrelin's orexigenic effects. Subsequent research has challenged the original appetite suppression findings while revealing roles in cardiovascular protection, anti-inflammatory signaling, and metabolic regulation. - [Octreotide](/docs/peptides/octreotide): Octreotide (Sandostatin) is a synthetic cyclic octapeptide analog of somatostatin with a significantly longer half-life (~90 minutes vs ~1-3 minutes). It is a clinically established treatment for acromegaly, carcinoid syndrome, neuroendocrine tumors, and variceal bleeding, available in immediate-release and long-acting depot (LAR) formulations. - [Oligopeptide-68](/docs/peptides/oligopeptide-68): Oligopeptide-68 (B-White) is a tyrosinase inhibitor peptide that blocks melanin biosynthesis by reducing MITF expression, used in skin brightening and hyperpigmentation treatment. - [Orforglipron](/docs/peptides/orforglipron): Orforglipron (LY3502970) is an oral non-peptide small molecule GLP-1 receptor agonist developed by Eli Lilly. It is the first oral non-peptide GLP-1 agonist to reach Phase 3 clinical trials, offering once-daily dosing without fasting requirements and demonstrating significant weight loss and glycemic improvement. - [Osteopontin-Derived Peptides](/docs/peptides/osteopontin-peptide): Osteopontin-derived peptides, including the thrombin-cleaved SVVYGLR fragment and RGD-containing sequences, are bioactive fragments of the extracellular matrix protein osteopontin (OPN). These peptides mediate angiogenesis, integrin-dependent cell adhesion, immune cell recruitment, and bone remodeling through distinct receptor interactions. - [Ovagen](/docs/peptides/ovagen): Ovagen (Thr-Glu-Asp-Phe) is a synthetic tetrapeptide bioregulator targeting hepatic and gastrointestinal tissue, researched for hepatoprotective effects, liver aging, and gene expression modulation in hepatocytes. Developed at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology. - [Oxyntomodulin (OXM)](/docs/peptides/oxyntomodulin): Oxyntomodulin is a 37-amino acid peptide derived from proglucagon processing in intestinal L-cells, consisting of the full glucagon sequence plus an 8-residue C-terminal extension. As a natural dual GLP-1 receptor and glucagon receptor agonist, oxyntomodulin uniquely combines appetite suppression with increased energy expenditure, producing weight loss exceeding GLP-1 agonism alone and inspiring the design of next-generation dual agonist therapeutics. - [Oxytocin](/docs/peptides/oxytocin): Oxytocin is a 9-amino acid endogenous neuropeptide produced in the hypothalamus that regulates social bonding, stress response, wound healing, and inflammation. It is researched for autism spectrum disorder, anxiety, pain, cardiovascular protection, and anti-inflammatory applications. - **P** - [P21 Peptide (CNTF-Derived)](/docs/peptides/p21-peptide): P21 is a small peptide derived from Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor (CNTF) that promotes neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus and inhibits tau hyperphosphorylation, with potential applications in Alzheimer's disease and cognitive decline. - [PACAP (Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide)](/docs/peptides/pacap): PACAP is an endogenous neuropeptide of the VIP superfamily, existing as PACAP-38 (dominant form) and PACAP-27, that signals through PAC1, VPAC1, and VPAC2 receptors. PACAP is a potent neuroprotective agent with research applications in stroke, traumatic brain injury, PTSD (sex-specific ADCYAP1R1 polymorphism), migraine pathophysiology, circadian rhythm regulation, and immune modulation. - [Palmitoyl Hexapeptide-12](/docs/peptides/palmitoyl-hexapeptide-12): Palmitoyl Hexapeptide-12 (Biopeptide EL) is a Sederma-developed lipopeptide that stimulates elastin synthesis in dermal fibroblasts, researched for improving skin firmness and elasticity in anti-aging applications. - [Palmitoyl Tripeptide-1 (Pal-GHK)](/docs/peptides/palmitoyl-tripeptide-1): Palmitoyl Tripeptide-1 is a lipopeptide fragment of collagen that stimulates collagen I, III, and fibronectin synthesis through TGF-β pathway activation. It is a key component of the Matrixyl 3000 complex. - [Palmitoyl Tripeptide-38](/docs/peptides/palmitoyl-tripeptide-38): Palmitoyl Tripeptide-38 (MATRIXYL synthe'6) is a synthetic signal peptide developed by Sederma that stimulates production of six major extracellular matrix proteins, researched for its comprehensive anti-aging and skin-restructuring properties. - [Palmitoyl Tripeptide-5 (SYN-COLL)](/docs/peptides/palmitoyl-tripeptide-5): Palmitoyl Tripeptide-5 is a thrombospondin-1 mimetic lipopeptide that activates TGF-β signaling to stimulate procollagen I synthesis, marketed under the SYN-COLL brand name by DSM. - [Pancreatic Polypeptide (PP)](/docs/peptides/pancreatic-polypeptide): Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) is a 36-amino acid peptide hormone released from PP cells of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. A member of the NPY family alongside PYY and NPY, PP preferentially binds Y4 receptors and functions as an appetite suppressant, gastric motility modulator, and inhibitor of exocrine pancreatic secretion. PP is investigated as a satiety factor, metabolic regulator, and pancreatic tumor biomarker. - [PEG-MGF](/docs/peptides/peg-mgf): PEG-MGF (PEGylated Mechano-Growth Factor) is a modified form of IGF-1 that stimulates myoblast proliferation and differentiation, with research applications in muscle repair, cardiac protection, bone healing, and neuroprotection. - [Pemvidutide](/docs/peptides/pemvidutide): Pemvidutide (ALT-801) is a GLP-1/glucagon dual receptor agonist developed by Altimmune for obesity with muscle mass preservation and NAFLD/NASH. Phase 2 MOMENTUM trial demonstrated significant weight loss with favorable body composition changes. - [Pentapeptide-18](/docs/peptides/pentapeptide-18): Pentapeptide-18 is the INCI designation for the enkephalin-analog neuromuscular peptide marketed as Leuphasyl by Lipotec, which reduces expression wrinkles by modulating presynaptic acetylcholine release through opioid receptor binding. - [Peptide YY (PYY)](/docs/peptides/peptide-yy): Peptide YY (PYY) is a 36-amino acid gut hormone released from intestinal L-cells postprandially, with PYY(3-36) as its primary active form. It signals satiety through Y2 receptors in the hypothalamus and is being investigated for obesity treatment, particularly given its elevation following bariatric surgery. - [Alpha-Blocker & Vasoactive Peptide Combinations](/docs/peptides/phentolamine-peptide): Phentolamine mesylate is a non-selective alpha-adrenergic antagonist used in combination with vasoactive peptides (VIP, prostaglandin E1) for intracavernosal injection therapy in erectile dysfunction. The VIP/phentolamine combination (Invicorp) and papaverine/phentolamine/PGE1 triple therapy (Trimix) are established second-line treatments for ED refractory to oral PDE5 inhibitors. - [Pinealon](/docs/peptides/pinealon): Pinealon (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) is a synthetic tetrapeptide bioregulator derived from the pineal gland that exerts epigenetic regulatory effects on gene expression involved in cognitive aging, neuroprotection, and circadian rhythm control. - [Protection of Telomeres 1 (POT1) Peptide](/docs/peptides/pot1-peptide): POT1 (Protection of Telomeres 1) peptides are synthetic sequences derived from or targeting the POT1 protein, a critical component of the shelterin complex that binds single-stranded telomeric DNA, regulates telomerase access, and stabilizes G-quadruplex structures at chromosome ends to protect against genomic instability. - [Progestogen Peptide Mimetics](/docs/peptides/progesterone-peptide): Progestogen peptide mimetics are an emerging class of research-stage compounds designed to selectively modulate the progesterone receptor using peptide-based scaffolds rather than traditional steroid backbones, with potential applications in endometrial protection during HRT, non-steroidal contraception, and management of uterine fibroids and endometriosis. - [Prostamax](/docs/peptides/prostamax): Prostamax is a complex peptide bioregulator preparation derived from prostate tissue, developed at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology for research in benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostate aging, and urological health. It belongs to the Cytomed line of peptide bioregulators pioneered by Vladimir Khavinson. - [Protegrin-1 (PG-1)](/docs/peptides/protegrin): Protegrin-1 is an 18-amino acid beta-hairpin antimicrobial peptide from porcine leukocytes, featuring two disulfide bonds and potent broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity through membrane pore formation. Its synthetic analog iseganan (IB-367) has been evaluated in clinical trials. - [PT-141 (Bremelanotide)](/docs/peptides/pt-141): PT-141 (Bremelanotide) is a synthetic melanocortin receptor agonist that acts centrally on MC3R and MC4R to modulate sexual arousal, and is the first FDA-approved peptide therapy for hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women. - [PTD-DBM](/docs/peptides/ptd-dbm): PTD-DBM is a cell-permeable peptide that activates the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway by binding the Dishevelled protein, promoting hair follicle neogenesis and regeneration. - [PTH 1-34 (Teriparatide / Forteo)](/docs/peptides/pth-1-34): Teriparatide is a recombinant 34-amino acid N-terminal fragment of human parathyroid hormone (PTH). FDA-approved in 2002 for osteoporosis, it is the first anabolic bone agent, stimulating osteoblast-mediated bone formation through intermittent PTH1R receptor activation. It significantly increases bone mineral density and reduces fracture risk. - [PTH 1-84 (Full-Length Parathyroid Hormone)](/docs/peptides/pth-1-84): PTH 1-84 is the full-length 84-amino acid parathyroid hormone, the primary endogenous regulator of calcium homeostasis. Available as Natpara (for hypoparathyroidism) and previously Preotact (for osteoporosis in Europe), it shares the anabolic bone-forming properties of its N-terminal fragment teriparatide (PTH 1-34) while including a C-terminal domain with potentially distinct biological effects. - **R** - [RANTES / CCL5-Derived Peptides](/docs/peptides/rantes-peptide): RANTES (Regulated upon Activation, Normal T cell Expressed and Secreted), officially designated CCL5, is a 68-amino acid CC chemokine that signals through CCR1, CCR3, and CCR5 receptors to orchestrate immune cell trafficking. CCL5/CCR5 signaling plays dual roles in the tumor microenvironment — promoting anti-tumor immunity through T cell recruitment while also facilitating tumor-promoting inflammation and metastasis. CCR5 is a major HIV-1 co-receptor, and CCL5-derived antagonists including Met-RANTES have informed the development of CCR5 inhibitors such as maraviroc. Cancer immunotherapy applications targeting the CCL5/CCR5 axis are under active investigation. - [Retatrutide](/docs/peptides/retatrutide): Retatrutide (LY3437943) is a triple agonist of GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon receptors developed by Eli Lilly for obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Phase 2 data demonstrated up to 24.2% weight loss at 48 weeks. - [Retinalamin](/docs/peptides/retinalamin): Retinalamin is a complex of polypeptides isolated from the retina of cattle, studied as a bioregulatory agent for retinal neuroprotection, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinitis pigmentosa, and glaucoma in Russian clinical practice. - [Reutericin](/docs/peptides/reutericin): Reutericin is a Class II bacteriocin produced by select strains of Lactobacillus reuteri with antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive pathogens. It represents one of several antimicrobial mechanisms employed by L. reuteri, a widely used probiotic species, and is being investigated for microbiome defense and food safety applications. - [Revilab SL 01](/docs/peptides/revilab-sl-01): Revilab SL 01 is a sublingual multi-peptide bioregulator formulation from the Revilab product line, developed by Khavinson's group at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology. It combines short bioregulatory peptides targeting multiple organ systems for anti-aging applications. - [Rigin (Palmitoyl Tetrapeptide-7)](/docs/peptides/rigin): Rigin is a palmitoylated tetrapeptide fragment of immunoglobulin G that modulates interleukin-6 production and matrix metalloproteinase activity. It is studied for its immunostimulatory, neurotrophic, and skin-rejuvenating properties. - **S** - [Selank](/docs/peptides/selank): Selank is a synthetic heptapeptide analogue of the immunomodulatory peptide tuftsin, developed at the Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences as an anxiolytic nootropic with GABAergic and monoaminergic activity. - [Semaglutide](/docs/peptides/semaglutide): Semaglutide is a GLP-1 receptor agonist that mimics the incretin hormone GLP-1 to regulate blood sugar, reduce appetite, and promote weight loss. It is widely researched for type 2 diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular risk reduction, and emerging neurological applications. - [Semax](/docs/peptides/semax): Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide derived from adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) fragments 4-10 that increases BDNF and NGF levels in the brain. It is studied for neuroprotection, cognitive enhancement, stroke recovery, and antidepressant effects. - [Sermorelin / GHRP-2 Blend](/docs/peptides/sermorelin-ghrp-2-blend): A research peptide blend combining Sermorelin (a GHRH analogue) and GHRP-2 (a ghrelin receptor agonist), studied for synergistic amplification of growth hormone release through dual pituitary receptor pathway activation. - [Sermorelin / GHRP-6 Blend](/docs/peptides/sermorelin-ghrp-6-blend): A research peptide blend combining Sermorelin (a GHRH analogue) and GHRP-6 (a synthetic ghrelin analogue), studied for synergistic enhancement of growth hormone release through complementary pituitary receptor activation. - [Sermorelin / GHRP-6 / GHRP-2 Blend](/docs/peptides/sermorelin-ghrp-6-ghrp-2-blend): A triple-peptide research blend combining Sermorelin (a GHRH analogue) with GHRP-6 and GHRP-2 (both ghrelin receptor agonists), studied for synergistic GH axis stimulation and complementary secondary effects on neuroprotection, wound healing, and immune function. - [Sermorelin / Ipamorelin Blend](/docs/peptides/sermorelin-ipamorelin-blend): A research peptide blend combining Sermorelin (a GHRH analogue) and Ipamorelin (a selective ghrelin receptor agonist), studied for synergistic amplification of growth hormone release with complementary cardiovascular, skeletal, and metabolic effects. - [Sermorelin](/docs/peptides/sermorelin): Sermorelin is a synthetic 29-amino acid analogue of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) used to assess and stimulate natural growth hormone secretion. It is researched for cardiac repair, bone density, sleep regulation, epilepsy, and age-related GH decline. - [Setmelanotide (Imcivree)](/docs/peptides/setmelanotide): Setmelanotide (Imcivree) is a highly selective MC4R agonist cyclic octapeptide FDA-approved in 2020 for the treatment of obesity caused by POMC, PCSK1, or LEPR deficiency. It restores melanocortin signaling downstream of genetic defects in the leptin-melanocortin pathway. - [SHLP1 (Small Humanin-Like Peptide 1)](/docs/peptides/shlp1): SHLP1 is a mitochondria-derived micro-peptide encoded by the 16S rRNA region of the mitochondrial genome with anti-apoptotic and cytoprotective properties, showing research promise in neurodegeneration, metabolic regulation, and aging. - [SHLP2 (Small Humanin-Like Peptide 2)](/docs/peptides/shlp2): SHLP2 is the most extensively studied small humanin-like peptide, with prominent metabolic effects including inhibition of fat cell differentiation, improved insulin sensitivity, and cytoprotection against amyloid-beta toxicity. - [SHLP3 (Small Humanin-Like Peptide 3)](/docs/peptides/shlp3): SHLP3 is a mitochondria-derived micro-peptide encoded by the 16S rRNA gene with distinct tissue distribution from other SHLPs, exhibiting unique pharmacological properties under active investigation. - [Sigumir](/docs/peptides/sigumir): Sigumir is a complex peptide bioregulator preparation derived from cartilage and connective tissue, developed to support joint health and chondroprotection. Research focuses on its potential for osteoarthritis management, cartilage regeneration, and age-related musculoskeletal decline through tissue-specific peptide signaling. - [SNAP-8](/docs/peptides/snap-8): SNAP-8 (acetyl octapeptide-3) is a synthetic peptide that inhibits SNARE complex formation to reduce neurotransmitter release at the neuromuscular junction, studied as a topical approach to reducing expression-related wrinkle formation. - [Somatostatin](/docs/peptides/somatostatin): Somatostatin (SRIF, somatotropin release-inhibiting factor) is a cyclic tetradecapeptide hormone that inhibits growth hormone secretion, regulates gastrointestinal motility and secretion, and modulates neuroendocrine function through five receptor subtypes (SSTR1-5). It serves as the parent molecule for clinically important analogs including octreotide and lanreotide. - [Somatropin (rHGH)](/docs/peptides/somatropin): Somatropin is recombinant human growth hormone (rHGH), a 191-amino acid protein identical to endogenous pituitary-derived growth hormone. It is FDA-approved for growth hormone deficiency, Turner syndrome, and other conditions, and is widely studied for anti-aging, body composition, and tissue repair applications. - [Splenopentin](/docs/peptides/splenopentin): Splenopentin (SP-5) is a spleen-derived immunomodulatory pentapeptide (Arg-Lys-Glu-Val-Tyr) structurally analogous to thymopentin (TP-5) that modulates both T-cell and B-cell immune responses, with research applications in immunomodulation and comparison studies with thymic peptides. - [SS-31](/docs/peptides/ss-31): SS-31 (elamipretide) is a mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide that stabilizes cardiolipin to improve ATP production and reduce reactive oxygen species, with research applications in mitochondrial myopathy, heart failure, diabetes, and inflammatory diseases. - [Stamakort](/docs/peptides/stamakort): Stamakort is a complex peptide bioregulator preparation derived from gastric mucosal tissue, developed for targeted support of stomach function and gastrointestinal mucosal integrity. Research indicates potential gastroprotective effects including reduced mucosal inflammation, enhanced epithelial repair, and improved gastric secretory function in aging models. - [Substance P](/docs/peptides/substance-p): Substance P is an 11-amino acid tachykinin neuropeptide that functions as a key neurotransmitter in pain transmission, neurogenic inflammation, and mood regulation through the neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor. It is one of the most extensively studied neuropeptides and the target of NK1 receptor antagonists used clinically as antiemetics. - [Super Human Blend (CJC-1295 + Ipamorelin + BPC-157 + TB-500)](/docs/peptides/super-human-blend): The Super Human Blend is a compounded four-peptide combination of CJC-1295 (GHRH analog), Ipamorelin (GH secretagogue), BPC-157 (tissue repair peptide), and TB-500 (thymosin beta-4 fragment). The protocol combines growth hormone secretagogues with healing peptides for a multi-pathway approach to recovery, body composition, and regeneration. - [Super Shred (AOD-9604 + CJC-1295 + Ipamorelin)](/docs/peptides/super-shred): The Super Shred blend is a compounded three-peptide fat loss stack combining AOD-9604 (anti-obesity GH fragment), CJC-1295 (GHRH analog), and Ipamorelin (GH secretagogue). The protocol targets body recomposition through direct lipolytic action and enhanced growth hormone secretion for simultaneous fat loss and lean mass preservation. - [Survodutide](/docs/peptides/survodutide): Survodutide (BI 456906) is a GLP-1/glucagon dual receptor agonist developed by Boehringer Ingelheim and Zealand Pharma. Administered once weekly by subcutaneous injection, survodutide has demonstrated exceptional weight loss of up to 18.7% and significant liver fat reduction in Phase 2 trials, with particular promise for obesity and MASH/NASH. - [Svetinorm](/docs/peptides/svetinorm): Svetinorm is a complex peptide bioregulator preparation derived from liver tissue, developed at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology for hepatoprotective research, liver aging, and restoration of hepatic function. Part of the Cytomed line of tissue-specific bioregulators. - [SYN-AKE (Dipeptide Diaminobutyroyl Benzylamide Diacetate)](/docs/peptides/syn-ake): SYN-AKE is a synthetic tripeptide that mimics waglerin-1 from the Temple Viper (Tropidolaemus wagleri), acting as a competitive antagonist at the muscular nicotinic acetylcholine receptor to reduce facial muscle contractions and expression lines. - **T** - [TAT-Beclin-1 Conjugate Peptide](/docs/peptides/tat-beclin): TAT-Beclin-1 is an engineered cell-penetrating autophagy-inducing peptide combining the HIV TAT transduction domain with a Beclin-1-derived sequence. It potently induces autophagy across cell types and demonstrates broad-spectrum antiviral activity against HIV, Sindbis, chikungunya, and West Nile viruses. - [Taxorest](/docs/peptides/taxorest): Taxorest is a complex peptide bioregulator preparation derived from bronchial mucosal tissue, developed to support respiratory function and bronchial health. Research focuses on its potential for COPD management, bronchial epithelial repair, and age-related respiratory decline through tissue-specific gene regulation. - [TB-4 Fragment (Ac-SDKP)](/docs/peptides/tb-4-frag): Ac-SDKP (N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline) is a naturally occurring tetrapeptide released from thymosin beta-4 by prolyl oligopeptidase. It is a potent anti-fibrotic agent with significant research in cardiac and renal fibrosis, hematopoietic stem cell regulation, and inflammation. - [TB-500](/docs/peptides/tb-500): TB-500 is a synthetic fragment of thymosin beta-4, a 43-amino acid protein involved in actin regulation, tissue repair, wound healing, and anti-inflammatory signaling across multiple organ systems. - [Tesamorelin](/docs/peptides/tesamorelin): Tesamorelin is a synthetic growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) analogue approved under the brand name Egrifta for the reduction of excess abdominal fat in HIV-infected patients with lipodystrophy. - [Testagen](/docs/peptides/testagen): Testagen is a complex peptide bioregulator preparation targeting testicular tissue, developed at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology for research in male reproductive aging, testosterone regulation, and spermatogenesis. It is part of the Cytomed line of tissue-specific peptide bioregulators. - [Thymalin](/docs/peptides/thymalin): Thymalin is a thymus-derived dipeptide complex (Glu-Trp) developed in Russia for immune restoration, particularly in aging populations. It modulates T-cell differentiation, cytokine balance, and has been studied for its interactions with the pineal gland via the pineal-thymus axis. - [Thymopentin](/docs/peptides/thymopentin): Thymopentin (TP-5) is a synthetic pentapeptide (Arg-Lys-Asp-Val-Tyr) corresponding to residues 32-36 of thymopoietin, the active site responsible for T-cell differentiation. It is studied for immunodeficiency, HIV adjunct therapy, and autoimmune disease management. - [Thymopoietin](/docs/peptides/thymopoetin): Thymopoietin is a 49-amino acid thymic hormone discovered by Gideon Goldstein that induces T-cell differentiation and influences neuromuscular transmission. Its active fragment (residues 32-36) is the basis for the therapeutic peptide thymopentin (TP-5). - [Thymosin Alpha-1](/docs/peptides/thymosin-alpha-1): Thymosin Alpha-1 is a 28-amino acid immunomodulatory peptide derived from the thymus gland that enhances T-cell function, dendritic cell maturation, and innate immune responses, with clinical applications in hepatitis, cancer adjunct therapy, and immunodeficiency. - [Thymosin Beta-10](/docs/peptides/thymosin-beta-10): Thymosin beta-10 (Tβ10) is a 43-amino acid actin-binding peptide closely related to thymosin beta-4 (TB-500) that regulates actin dynamics, cell motility, and apoptosis. Unlike its pro-angiogenic sibling TB4, Tβ10 demonstrates anti-angiogenic and potential anti-tumorigenic properties, making it a subject of cancer biology research. - [Thymulin](/docs/peptides/thymulin): Thymulin (Zn-FTS, facteur thymique sérique) is a zinc-dependent nonapeptide secreted by thymic epithelial cells that plays a critical role in T-cell maturation, immune regulation, and thymic function. It requires zinc for biological activity and declines with age in parallel with thymic involution. - [Tirzepatide](/docs/peptides/tirzepatide): Tirzepatide is a dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist approved for type 2 diabetes (Mounjaro) and chronic weight management (Zepbound). - [TRH (Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone)](/docs/peptides/trh): Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH, protirelin) is a hypothalamic tripeptide (pGlu-His-Pro-NH2) that stimulates TSH and prolactin release from the anterior pituitary. Beyond the thyroid axis, TRH has documented CNS effects including analeptic, thermoregulatory, and antidepressant-like properties, with research applications spanning depression, spinal cord injury, and consciousness disorders. - [Tripeptide-10 Citrulline](/docs/peptides/tripeptide-10-citrulline): Tripeptide-10 Citrulline (Decorinyl) is a Lipotec-developed peptide that stimulates decorin production to regulate collagen fibrillogenesis, improving extracellular matrix organization and reducing wrinkle depth. - [Tripeptide-29](/docs/peptides/tripeptide-29): Tripeptide-29 is a collagen-fragment tripeptide and GHK analogue that stimulates procollagen I synthesis and promotes wound healing by mimicking a type I collagen signaling fragment to activate dermal fibroblasts. - [Triptorelin](/docs/peptides/triptorelin): Triptorelin is a synthetic GnRH agonist (D-Trp6-GnRH) used clinically for prostate cancer, endometriosis, precocious puberty, and uterine fibroids. Available as 1-, 3-, and 6-month depot formulations, it achieves sustained gonadotropin suppression through GnRH receptor desensitization after an initial hormonal flare. - [TSH (Thyrotropin)](/docs/peptides/tsh-peptide): Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH, thyrotropin) is a 211 amino acid glycoprotein hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that drives thyroid hormone synthesis. Recombinant TSH (thyrotropin alfa) is used in thyroid cancer management and diagnostic evaluation, with peptide analogs under investigation. - [Tumstatin](/docs/peptides/tumstatin): Tumstatin is a 28 kDa anti-angiogenic peptide derived from the non-collagenous 1 (NC1) domain of the collagen IV α3 chain. Discovered by Maeshima et al. in 2002, it selectively induces endothelial cell apoptosis through αvβ3 integrin binding and inhibition of Cap-dependent protein translation via the 4E-BP1/eIF4E pathway. Its bioactive fragments T7 and T8 are under investigation for glioblastoma, renal cell carcinoma, and other solid tumors. - **U** - [Urocortin](/docs/peptides/urocortin): Urocortin (UCN) is a family of CRF-related peptides comprising Urocortin 1, Urocortin 2 (stresscopin-related peptide), and Urocortin 3 (stresscopin). Urocortin 2 is a selective CRF2 receptor agonist with potent cardioprotective, positive inotropic, and vasodilatory properties, demonstrated to improve cardiac output in heart failure patients in clinical trials. - [Urotensin II](/docs/peptides/urotensin-2): Urotensin II (UII) is a cyclic peptide identified as the most potent vasoconstrictor discovered to date. Acting through the UT receptor (GPR14), it has complex cardiovascular effects including vasoconstriction, positive inotropy, and promotion of cardiac remodeling, with pathological elevation in heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, and atherosclerosis. - **V** - [Ventfort](/docs/peptides/ventfort): Ventfort is a complex peptide bioregulator preparation derived from vascular tissue, developed to support endothelial function and blood vessel integrity. Research focuses on its potential to improve vascular health in aging, atherosclerosis models, and endothelial dysfunction through tissue-specific gene regulation. - [Vilon](/docs/peptides/vilon): Vilon (Lys-Glu, KE dipeptide) is a synthetic dipeptide bioregulator developed by Khavinson's group at the Saint Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology. Designed to mimic thymulin (FTS) activity, Vilon stimulates T-lymphocyte differentiation, modulates CD4/CD8 ratios, influences IL-2 and IFN-gamma production, and regulates gene expression through direct peptide-DNA binding. - [VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide)](/docs/peptides/vip): Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) is a 28-amino acid neuropeptide with potent anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and neuroprotective properties, widely researched for its role in CIRS/mold illness, autoimmune conditions, and pulmonary hypertension. - [Vladonix](/docs/peptides/vladonix): Vladonix is a complex peptide bioregulator preparation derived from thymus gland tissue, developed at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology. Research focuses on reversing thymic involution, supporting T-cell maturation, and restoring immune competence in aging individuals. - **Y** - **Z** - [Ziconotide](/docs/peptides/ziconotide): Ziconotide (Prialt, SNX-111) is a synthetic 25-amino acid omega-conotoxin MVIIA derived from the venom of the marine cone snail Conus magus. It is a selective N-type voltage-gated calcium channel (Cav2.2) blocker approved for intrathecal administration in severe chronic pain refractory to other therapies. - **Categories** - Categories: Browse by therapeutic category - [Browse by Category](/docs/categories): Explore peptides by therapeutic focus. Each category includes research profiles, mechanisms, and clinical context. - [Healing & Tissue Repair Peptides](/docs/categories/healing-repair): Research peptides that promote wound healing, angiogenesis, cell migration, and tissue regeneration across musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal, and dermal systems. - [Longevity & Anti-Aging Peptides](/docs/categories/longevity-antiaging): Research peptides studied for telomerase activation, mitochondrial protection, bioregulation, and lifespan extension in preclinical models. - [Growth Hormone Secretagogue Peptides](/docs/categories/growth-hormone): Research peptides that stimulate natural growth hormone release through GHRH receptor and ghrelin receptor (GHS-R) pathways. - [Cognitive & Neuroprotective Peptides](/docs/categories/cognitive-neuro): Research peptides studied for cognitive enhancement, neuroprotection, anxiolytic effects, and neurological recovery. - [Metabolic & Weight Loss Peptides](/docs/categories/metabolic-weightloss): Research peptides that regulate metabolism, appetite, glucose homeostasis, and fat metabolism, including GLP-1 receptor agonists and lipolytic compounds. - [Immune System Peptides](/docs/categories/immune-system): Research peptides that modulate immune function, enhance T-cell activity, reduce inflammation, and support antimicrobial defense. - [Thymic & Immune Peptides](/docs/categories/immune-thymic): Research peptides derived from or acting on the thymus gland, modulating T-cell maturation, innate immunity, and age-related immune decline. - [Antimicrobial Peptides](/docs/categories/antimicrobial): Research peptides with direct antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi, viruses, and biofilms, including host defense peptides and synthetic analogs. - [Cosmetic & Skin Peptides](/docs/categories/cosmetic-skin): Research peptides that stimulate collagen synthesis, reduce wrinkle formation, improve skin tone, and support dermal regeneration. - [Cosmetic & Topical Peptides — Complete Guide](/docs/categories/cosmetic-topical): Comprehensive reference for all cosmetic peptides used in topical formulations — signal peptides, neuromuscular inhibitors, copper peptides, carrier peptides, and pigmentation modulators. - [Cardiovascular Peptides](/docs/categories/cardiovascular): Research peptides that influence cardiac function, vascular health, blood pressure regulation, and cardiovascular tissue repair. - [Pain & Nociception Peptides](/docs/categories/pain-nociception): Research peptides involved in pain signaling, nociceptive modulation, analgesic pathways, and neuroinflammatory pain conditions. - [Sexual & Reproductive Health Peptides](/docs/categories/sexual-reproductive): Research peptides involved in sexual function, libido, reproductive hormone regulation, and fertility — including melanocortin agonists and GnRH analogs. - [Russian Bioregulator Peptides](/docs/categories/russian-bioregulators): The complete Khavinson family of short peptides — organ-specific bioregulators that modulate gene expression in targeted tissues, developed at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology. - [Peptide Fragments & Analogs](/docs/categories/fragments-analogs): Reference guide to peptide fragments, synthetic analogs, modified versions, and blend formulations — understanding how structural modifications change biological activity. - [Oral Peptides](/docs/categories/oral-peptides): Peptides with demonstrated or researched oral bioavailability — including GLP-1 agonists, secretagogues, bioregulators, and emerging oral formulations. - [Hormones & Endocrine Peptides](/docs/categories/hormones-endocrine): Research profiles for GnRH, HCG, HMG, oxytocin, TRH, CRH, VIP, and endocrine peptide analogs. - [Cancer Research Peptides](/docs/categories/oncology-research): Peptides investigated in oncology research including senolytic, anti-angiogenic, immune checkpoint, and telomerase-targeting compounds. - [Muscle & Performance Peptides](/docs/categories/muscle-performance): Research profiles for MGF, PEG-MGF, IGF-1 LR3, follistatin, SARMs, and performance-related research compounds. - [Peptide Blends & Formulas](/docs/categories/blends): Multi-component peptide blends combining synergistic compounds for enhanced therapeutic effects. Includes GH secretagogue stacks, healing blends, and specialty formulations. - **Research** - Research Articles: Deep dives and clinical research - [Research Articles](/docs/research): In-depth research articles on peptide science, comparative analyses, and therapeutic applications. - **Complete Guides** - [BPC-157 Complete Guide: All Forms, Routes, Doses & Research](/docs/research/bpc-157-complete-guide): Definitive reference for BPC-157 — covering all forms (free base, arginate, stable), administration routes, preclinical research, and mechanisms of action. - [TB-500 Complete Guide: Thymosin Beta-4 Research, Mechanisms & Protocols](/docs/research/tb-500-complete-guide): Comprehensive TB-500 (Thymosin Beta-4) reference — mechanisms of action, cardiac repair research, wound healing, anti-inflammatory effects, and all related fragments. - [GHK-Cu Complete Guide: Copper Peptide Research Consolidated](/docs/research/ghk-cu-complete-guide): Complete reference for GHK-Cu — gene expression modulation, wound healing, skin rejuvenation, hair growth, anti-cancer, and neuroprotective research. - [Epithalon Complete Guide: Khavinson Telomere Research & Protocols](/docs/research/epithalon-complete-guide): Complete reference for Epithalon (Epitalon) — telomerase activation, pineal gland research, Khavinson longevity studies, all forms, and administration protocols. - **Comparisons** - [GLP-1 Agonist Comparison: Semaglutide vs Tirzepatide vs Retatrutide vs Cagrilintide vs Orforglipron](/docs/research/glp1-agonist-comparison): Head-to-head comparison of GLP-1 receptor agonists and next-generation metabolic peptides — efficacy, mechanisms, side effects, and clinical trial data. - [Peptide Stacking Guide: Research-Based Combinations](/docs/research/peptide-stacking-guide): Comprehensive peptide stacking reference — healing, growth hormone, nootropic, longevity, metabolic, and cosmetic stacks with research rationale for each combination. - **Practical Guides** - [Peptide Administration Guide: Routes, Techniques & Bioavailability](/docs/research/peptide-administration-guide): Complete guide to peptide administration routes — subcutaneous, intramuscular, intranasal, sublingual, and oral — with technique details, bioavailability comparisons, and peptide-specific recommendations. - [Peptide Injection Technique: Subcutaneous, Intramuscular, Intranasal & Sublingual](/docs/research/peptide-injection-technique): Step-by-step peptide administration techniques for subcutaneous, intramuscular, intranasal, and sublingual routes — with injection sites, angles, safety considerations, and peptide-specific guidance. - [Bacteriostatic Water Guide: What It Is and Why It Matters](/docs/research/bac-water-guide): A complete guide to bacteriostatic water (BAC water) for peptide reconstitution — composition, sterile water comparison, manufacturing, shelf life, and proper storage. - [Insulin Syringe Guide: Types, Gauges & Injection Sites](/docs/research/insulin-syringe-guide): A research-focused guide to insulin syringes for peptide administration — U-100 vs U-40 markings, needle gauge comparisons, subcutaneous injection sites, technique basics, and sharps safety. - [Peptide Purity Testing: HPLC, Mass Spectrometry & COA Interpretation](/docs/research/peptide-purity-testing): How peptide purity is measured and verified — HPLC chromatography, mass spectrometry (ESI-MS, MALDI), reading certificates of analysis, third-party testing, and supplier red flags. - [Peptide Storage & Reconstitution: Complete Reference](/docs/research/peptide-storage-reconstitution): Comprehensive guide to peptide storage, reconstitution with bacteriostatic water, temperature stability, freeze-thaw effects, and shelf life for research peptides. - [Peptide Storage - Peptide Information](/docs/research/peptide-storage): To preserve the integrity of laboratory results, proper storage of peptides is essential. Correct storage practices can maintain peptides for years and guard against contamination, oxidation, and d... - [​Peptide Bioavailability](/docs/research/peptide-bioavailability): By Dr. Hannah 4 days ago## Peptide Bioavailability - [Peptide Solubility - Peptide Information](/docs/research/peptide-solubility): Occasionally, one of the more difficult aspects of conducting research with synthetic peptides can be determining the most effective solvent in which to dissolve the peptide. Many peptides dissolve... - **Understanding Research** - [How to Read Peptide Research](/docs/research/how-to-read-peptide-research): A practical guide for non-scientists: how to interpret clinical trial data, understand peer review, evaluate study quality, and distinguish meaningful results from hype. - [Peptide Research Databases](/docs/research/peptide-research-databases): A comprehensive guide to the databases every peptide researcher should know — PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov, ChEMBL, PDB, UniProt, and more. How to search each one effectively. - **Fundamentals** - [Peptide Basics: What Are Peptides and How Do They Work?](/docs/research/peptide-basics): A beginner-friendly introduction to peptides — what they are, how they're formed, how they function in the body, and why they matter for health and medicine. - [Peptides vs. Hormones: Key Differences Explained](/docs/research/peptides-vs-hormones): A research-focused comparison of peptides and hormones — covering structure, mechanisms, half-life, safety profiles, and regulatory distinctions between these two compound classes. - [Peptides vs. SARMs: Mechanisms, Risks, and Research Compared](/docs/research/peptides-vs-sarms): A detailed comparison of peptides and selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) — covering receptor selectivity, safety profiles, regulatory status, and research maturity. - [How Peptides Are Made: Synthesis, Purification, and Quality](/docs/research/how-peptides-are-made): An in-depth guide to solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS), HPLC purification, and quality evaluation methods — how research peptides go from chemical reagents to finished products. - [Peptide Bonds - Peptide Information](/docs/research/peptide-bonds): A peptide bond is a covalent bond that is formed between two amino acids. To form a peptide bond, a carboxyl group of one amino acid reacts with the amino group of another amino acid. As a result, ... - [Peptide Synthesis - Peptide Information](/docs/research/peptide-synthesis): Characterized by the formation of a peptide bond between two amino acids, peptide synthesis is, essentially, the production of peptides. Though peptide synthesis was somewhat hampered by relatively... - [Peptide Purification - Peptide Information](/docs/research/peptide-purification): In the modern era, huge leaps forward in the scientific field of peptide synthesis have enabled the production of custom peptides on an immense scale. With the increased production of synthetic pep... - [Peptide Research Glossary](/docs/research/peptide-glossary): Comprehensive glossary of 200+ terms used in peptide research, including receptors, signaling pathways, molecular biology, pharmacology, peptide chemistry, aging science, endocrinology, and research methods. - **Deep Dives** - [ARA-290 Peptide: What Does It Do?](/docs/research/ara-290-neuroinflammation-innate-repair): By Dr. Timothy J. 11 months ago## What is the relationship between nerves and temperature? - [Best Peptides for Energy](/docs/research/best-energy-peptides): Energy, particularly in the context of the human body, is an abstract concept that is difficult to define. For a physicist, energy is simply the capacity to perform work. To a biologist, energy mig... - [​Cerebrolysin and Vascular Dementia](/docs/research/cerebrolysin-and-vascular-dementia): By Dr. Hannah 21 days ago## Cerebrolysin and Vascular Dementia - [Cerebrolysin](/docs/research/cerebrolysin-research): Cerebrolysin is a low molecular weight, porcine-derived peptide preparation with free amino acids that have a variety of clinical applications due its neuroprotective and neurotrophic properties. T... - [Epitalon Pineal Peptide: What Does It Do?](/docs/research/epitalon-sleep-dna-telomere): By Dr. Timothy J. 1 years ago## Twenty Years of Study on Effects of Pineal Peptide Preparation: Epithalamin in Experimental Gerontology and Oncology - [GHK-Cu Explained](/docs/research/ghk-cu-explained): GHK-Cu (Glycyl-L-Histidyl-L-Lysine-Copper) is a small peptide composed of three amino acids and a copper ion. It was first discovered in the 1970s by Dr. Loren Pickart, a biochemist at the Universi... - [Hallmarks of Aging Part 1 of 4](/docs/research/hallmarks-of-aging-part-1-of-4): By Dr. Hannah 20 days agoAging is a complex process that is associated with a multitude of physiological changes that occur at the cellular and molecular levels. In 2013, a seminal review paper by ... - [​Hallmarks of Aging Part 2 of 4](/docs/research/hallmarks-of-aging-part-2-of-4): By Dr. Hannah 19 days ago## Hallmarks of Aging Part 2 of 4 - [​Hallmarks of Aging Part 3 of 4](/docs/research/hallmarks-of-aging-part-3-of-4): The human body is an intricate system of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to maintain balance and optimal health. One crucial aspect of this balance is the proper functioning of variou... - [The Hallmarks of Aging Part 4](/docs/research/the-hallmarks-of-aging-part-4): By Dr. Hannah 21 days ago## Hallmarks of Aging Part 4 of 4 - [Interventions for the Hallmarks of Aging](/docs/research/interventions-for-the-hallmarks-of-aging): 1. Genomic instability: DNA damage and mutations accumulate over time, leading to errors in cellular functions and repair mechanisms. - [Healing Peptides: What to Know In 2023?](/docs/research/healing-peptides): Peptides are simply short proteins, which is to say chains of amino acids. They can be as short as two or three amino acids in length or as long as a fifty. After fifty amino acids they are conside... - [BPC-157 as Potential Support for Viral Infections](/docs/research/how-does-bpc-protect-organs-during-infection): ALL ARTICLES AND PRODUCT INFORMATION PROVIDED ON THIS WEBSITE ARE FOR INFORMATIONAL AND EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY. The products offered on this website are furnished for in-vitro studies only. In-... - [Humanin Peptide: What Is It?](/docs/research/humanin-mitochondrial-peptide): By Dr. Timothy J. 1 years ago"Humanin (HN) is an endogenous mitochondria-derived peptide that has cytoprotective effects and reduces oxidative stress. The present study aimed to test the hypothesis... - [Ipamorelin Sleep Research](/docs/research/ipamorelin-sleep-research): Ipamorelin sleep research is a branch of ipamorelin research that focuses on how this peptide (and any ghrelin analogue) can improve sleep. Research has shown that ghrelin plays a peripheral but im... - [Ipamorelin vs CJC-1295](/docs/research/ipamorelin-vs-cjc-1295): CJC-1295 and ipamorelin are both growth hormone secretagogues, though how they naturally raise growth hormone levels differs. Despite their differences in mechanism of action, these two peptides sh... - [Ipamorelin vs GHRP 2 Research: Best Guide in 2022](/docs/research/ipamorelin-vs-ghrp): Many people think that ipamorelin and GHRP-2 are the essentially the same thing. After all, both cause an increase in the secretion of growth hormone (GH). In reality, ipamorelin and GHRP-2 are ver... - [Sermorelin vs HGH: Best Guide in 2023](/docs/research/isemorelin-vs-hgh): Sermorelin, one member of the group of peptides known as growth hormone-releasing hormone analogues, has been shown to improve wound healing, boost bone density, improve appetite, fight the effects... - [How Does KPV Reduce Stomach Inflammation and Repair the Stomach Lining?](/docs/research/kpv-stomach-inflammation-lining-repair): "Lysine-proline-valine (KPV), a naturally occurring tripeptide, has been shown to attenuate the inflammatory responses of colonic cells." (1) - [Melanotan 1 vs Melantotan 2](/docs/research/melanotan-1-vs-melanotan-2): derivatives of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (a-MSH). Both peptides bind to melanocortin receptors to produce a variety of interesting effects. Of note, both MT1 and MT2 have an impact on me... - [P21 Peptide: How Does It Work?](/docs/research/p21-macular-degeneration-eye-aging): By Dr. Timothy J. 1 years ago## Age Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) - [Peptides for Brain](/docs/research/peptides-for-brain): ALL ARTICLES AND PRODUCT INFORMATION PROVIDED ON THIS WEBSITE ARE FOR INFORMATIONAL AND EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY. The products offered on this website are furnished for in-vitro studies only. In-... - [Premium Peptides](/docs/research/premium-peptides): Just like all supplements are not created equal, not all peptides are created equal either. The raw materials from which peptides are produced, the procedures by which they are manufactured, and th... - [Best Research Peptides](/docs/research/research-peptides): Protein-protein interactions are fundamental mediators of cell growth, regeneration, and death pathways. These interactions have served as important targets in the pharmaceutical industry for nearl... - [Thymosin Beta-4 used for TBI and Post Stroke Patients](/docs/research/tb500-tbi-thymosin-beta-4): By Dr. Hannah 15 days agoTraumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is an injury to the brain caused by an external force such as a blow to the head, a fall, a car accident, or a sudden jolt. The extent of the i... - [Tesamorelin vs Sermorelin](/docs/research/tesamorelin-vs-sermorelin): ALL ARTICLES AND PRODUCT INFORMATION PROVIDED ON THIS WEBSITE ARE FOR INFORMATIONAL AND EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY. The products offered on this website are furnished for in-vitro studies only. In-... - [What is GLP-1 (GLP-1 Review)](/docs/research/what-is-glp1): ALL ARTICLES AND PRODUCT INFORMATION PROVIDED ON THIS WEBSITE ARE FOR INFORMATIONAL AND EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY. The products offered on this website are furnished for in-vitro studies only. In-... - [What is IGF-1 and How Does it Work](/docs/research/what-is-igf1): Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1), also known as Somatomedin-C, is a polypeptide growth factor that is a member of the insulin family of peptides. IGF-1 includes 70 amino acids with a molecular ... - **Updates** - Latest Updates: Latest additions and changelog - [Latest Updates](/docs/updates): New peptides, research highlights, clinical trial updates, and regulatory news from the Peptide Research Wiki. - [March 2026 Peptide Research Updates](/docs/updates/2026-03): New peptides added, latest clinical trial results, FDA/EMA news for March 2026. - [February 2026 Peptide Research Updates](/docs/updates/2026-02): Wiki infrastructure build-out, core peptide profiles, and initial research articles for February 2026. - [Research Alerts — Active Clinical Trials](/docs/updates/research-alerts): Tracking active clinical trials for key research peptides from ClinicalTrials.gov — semaglutide, tirzepatide, retatrutide, BPC-157, and more. - [Changelog](/docs/updates/changelog): Complete log of all changes to the Peptide Research Wiki — new peptides, articles, categories, and site features. - **About** - [About PepGuide](/docs/about): PepGuide is an independent, research-focused peptide encyclopedia built on peer-reviewed science. No commercial bias, no paywalls — just evidence. - [Methodology](/docs/methodology): How PepGuide sources, structures, and maintains peptide research profiles — our citation standards, review process, and approach to conflicting evidence.