Research Articles
In-depth research articles on peptide science, comparative analyses, and therapeutic applications.
Research Articles
Deep-dive articles, comparative analyses, and practical guides — backed by peer-reviewed citations.
Complete Guides
BPC-157 Research Guide
Human evidence, animal research, current trials, FDA status, safety limits, and anti-doping rules
TB-500 Complete Guide
Thymosin Beta-4 mechanisms, cardiac repair, wound healing, and protocols
GHK-Cu Complete Guide
Gene expression, wound healing, skin rejuvenation, hair growth, and neuroprotection
Epithalon Complete Guide
Khavinson telomere research, protocols, and all forms
Comparisons
GLP-1 Agonist Comparison
Semaglutide vs tirzepatide vs retatrutide vs cagrilintide vs orforglipron
Ipamorelin vs CJC-1295
Mechanism, efficacy, and clinical comparison of two top GH secretagogues
Ipamorelin vs GHRP-2
Receptor action, hormone selectivity, human evidence, appetite effects, FDA status, and safety limits
Sermorelin vs HGH
Pituitary stimulation vs direct GH replacement — FDA status, clinical evidence, and safety limits
Tesamorelin vs Sermorelin
FDA status, HIV lipodystrophy evidence, pediatric growth studies, and comparison limits
Peptides vs Hormones
Structure, mechanisms, half-life, safety profiles, and regulatory distinctions
Peptides vs SARMs
Receptor selectivity, safety, regulatory status, and research maturity compared
Evidence Checks
BPC-157 and COVID-19
What the 2021 hypothesis paper, animal studies, human evidence, and current trial registry do—and do not—show
Humanin and HNG Evidence
Native Humanin vs HNG, preclinical aging and cardiac findings, observational human data, and safety limits
Stack Guides
Peptide Stacking Guide
Research-based combinations — healing, GH, nootropic, longevity, metabolic, and cosmetic stacks
Ultimate Healing Stack
BPC-157 + TB-500 + GHK-Cu + Thymosin Alpha-1 synergy guide
Ultimate GH Stack
CJC-1295 + Ipamorelin + MK-677 — optimizing endogenous GH secretion
Ultimate Longevity Stack
Epithalon + MOTS-c + SS-31 + Humanin + NAD+ — multi-hallmark aging intervention
Ultimate Metabolic Stack
Semaglutide + AOD-9604 + 5-Amino-1MQ + Tesamorelin
Ultimate Nootropic Stack
Semax + Selank + Dihexa + VIP + DSIP — cognitive optimization
Practical Guides
Administration Guide
How to evaluate route, formulation, bioavailability, and product-specific evidence
Bioavailability & PK Claims
How to interpret AUC, Cmax, absolute and relative exposure, formulations, and oral-delivery claims
Injection Safety
Separate universal contamination controls from product-, device-, route-, and patient-specific instructions
Storage & Reconstitution
How to evaluate stability, storage, diluent, and in-use claims
Solubility & Formulation
Why pH, concentration, counterions, aggregation, and finished-product compatibility matter
Bacteriostatic Water Guide
What BAC water is, why it matters, and how to use it correctly
Insulin Syringe Scales
Distinguish U-100 concentration, scale markings, syringe capacity, graduations, and device-specific instructions
Purity Testing
Separate HPLC purity, identity, assay, potency, microbiological controls, and lot-linked COA evidence
Purification & Quality Claims
How purification works and why HPLC purity, identity, assay, potency, and sterility are separate claims
Evaluate Quality Claims
What premium, COA, HPLC purity, identity, assay, sterility, and third-party testing claims actually show
Peptide Cycling Guide
Receptor desensitization, tolerance, and cycling protocols by peptide class
Blood Testing Guide
What labs to order before and during peptide research
Fundamentals
What Are Peptides?
Beginner-friendly introduction to peptide structure, function, and relevance
Peptide Bonds Explained
Bond structure, ribosomal and laboratory formation, hydrolysis, conformation, and analytical limits
What Is IGF-1?
GH–IGF-1 biology, binding proteins, lab interpretation, approved uses, and evidence limits
How Peptides Are Made
SPPS synthesis, HPLC purification, and quality evaluation
How to Read Peptide Research
Appraise molecule identity, study design, outcomes, bias, statistics, safety, and claim boundaries
Peptide Receptor Guide
GHRH-R, GHS-R, GLP-1R, melanocortin, and key receptor families
Half-Lives Explained
How molecular structure, modifications, and route affect duration of action
Peptide Glossary
200+ terms — receptors, signaling pathways, chemistry, pharmacology, aging science
Peptide Research Databases
A source-verification workflow for identity, literature, trials, approval, and product claims
Regulatory Status
FDA, DEA, WADA, and international classification of major peptides
Longevity Science
DNA Damage, Telomeres & Epigenetics
Genomic instability, telomere measurement, epigenetic clocks, and the limits of biological-age claims
Senescence, Mitochondria & Nutrient Sensing
Senescent-cell heterogeneity, mitochondrial biology, mTOR, AMPK, human trials, and intervention limits
Proteostasis, Autophagy, Inflammation & Dysbiosis
Protein quality control, macroautophagy, chronic inflammation, and the aging microbiome
Stem Cells & Intercellular Communication
Stem-cell exhaustion, tissue repair, signaling between cells, and human evidence limits
Peptides & Hallmarks Evidence Map
FOXO4-DRI, Epitalon, Humanin, GHK-Cu, and BPC-157 by hallmark, evidence level, and safety status
Telomere Peptide Guide
Epithalon, cycloastragenol, TA-65, and telomerase-activating compounds