AHK-Cu
AHK-Cu is a copper-complexed tripeptide (Ala-His-Lys-Cu) studied for its effects on collagen synthesis, hair growth, and wound healing. It modulates VEGF and TGF-beta1 signaling pathways in fibroblasts and endothelial cells.
AHK-Cu is a short peptide complexed with a copper ion, found in the blood of most mammals. It plays a key role in regulating the growth and survival of vascular endothelial cells and fibroblasts, making it a subject of significant research interest in skin rejuvenation and hair restoration.
Overview
AHK-Cu is a tripeptide in which a copper atom is coordinated between the alanine and histidine residues of the Ala-His-Lys sequence, bound to three nitrogen atoms within the peptide. It has been extensively researched by the cosmeceutical industry as a skin conditioning agent and has gained interest as a potential intervention for hair loss following promising in vitro results.
Mechanism of Action
AHK-Cu exerts its biological effects primarily through modulation of two signaling molecules: vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-beta1).
By upregulating VEGF, AHK-Cu activates fibroblasts and endothelial cells. Fibroblasts are responsible for producing collagen and elastin, proteins that govern skin tone, texture, and flexibility. Endothelial cells line blood vessels and are essential for vascular health and angiogenesis.
Simultaneously, AHK-Cu downregulates TGF-beta1, a key mediator of DHT-induced hair follicle regression. This dual mechanism results in improved skin elasticity, enhanced wound healing, reduced fine lines, and protection of hair follicles from androgen-related stress.
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Research
Collagen Synthesis and Wrinkle Reduction
Research using human skin cells in vitro has demonstrated that AHK-Cu can increase collagen type I production by as much as 300%. Collagen provides structural support to the skin and attracts water into the extracellular matrix, hydrating cells and reducing the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. Animal model studies confirm that AHK-Cu is an effective stimulator of collagen synthesis, supporting its use in anti-aging applications.
Hair Growth and Follicle Protection
AHK-Cu promotes hair growth through two complementary pathways. First, it stimulates angiogenesis via VEGF upregulation, improving blood supply to existing hair follicles and encouraging the formation of new follicles. Second, it reduces TGF-beta1 levels, directly counteracting the effects of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) on follicle regression. In vitro studies on human dermal papilla cells show that AHK-Cu promotes follicle elongation and cell proliferation (Pyo et al., 2007).
Safety Profile
AHK-Cu is generally considered well-tolerated in topical applications based on available preclinical data. As a naturally occurring peptide-copper complex found in mammalian blood, it has a favorable safety profile in research settings. No significant adverse effects have been reported in animal or in vitro studies. Formal clinical safety data in humans remains limited.
Pharmacokinetic Profile
AHK-Cu — Pharmacokinetic Curve
TopicalQuick Start
- Typical Dose
- 0.5-1% topical solution/serum
- Frequency
- Once or twice daily application
- Route
- Topical
- Cycle Length
- 12-24 weeks minimum for hair growth, ongoing for maintenance
- Storage
- Topical preparations: 2-8°C refrigerated in dark glass container, use within 30 days. Protect from light and heat
Molecular Structure
- Formula
- C15H24ClCuN6O4-
- Weight
- 416.9 Da
- Length
- 3 amino acids
- CAS
- Not available
- PubChem CID
- 168431292
- Exact Mass
- 450.0844 Da
- TPSA
- 143 Ų
- H-Bond Donors
- 5
- H-Bond Acceptors
- 8
- Rotatable Bonds
- 6
- Complexity
- 462
Identifiers (SMILES, InChI)
InChI=1S/C15H25N6O4.ClH.Cu/c1-9(17)13(22)21-12(6-10-7-18-8-19-10)14(23)20-11(15(24)25)4-2-3-5-16;;/h7-9,11-12,17H,2-6,16H2,1H3,(H4,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25);1H;/q-1;;+2/p-2/t9-,11-,12-;;/m0../s1
DTNUNAICWDULHO-UVEFGIHYSA-LResearch Indications
Hair Growth
Ex vivo studies demonstrate AHK-Cu stimulates human hair follicle elongation at concentrations as low as 10⁻¹² M, promoting longer anagen phase.
Increases proliferation of dermal papilla cells, the key regulatory cells for hair follicle cycling and hair growth.
Boosts vascular endothelial growth factor production, improving blood flow and nutrient delivery to hair follicles.
Reduces TGF-β1 secretion and oxidative stress (via SOD), both contributing to DHT-induced follicle miniaturization.
Skin Regeneration
Activates fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis for improved skin structure and wound healing.
Elevates Bcl-2/Bax ratio and reduces caspase-3 activation, protecting cells from programmed death.
Promotes collagen and ECM component deposition for tissue renewal and repair.
Research Protocols
topical
Primary and most researched delivery route. Penetrates scalp and skin to target dermal papilla cells and fibroblasts. Most effective for hair growth and skin regeneration applications.
| Goal | Dose | Frequency | Duration |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hair Growth - Scalp Application | 0.5-1% solution/serum | Once or twice daily | —(Route: Topical to scalp) |
| Hair Growth - Combined Protocol | 0.3-0.5% AHK-Cu with minoxidil | Once or twice daily | —(Route: Topical to scalp) |
| Skin Regeneration | 0.3-1% in serum/cream | Once or twice daily | —(Route: Topical to skin) |
| DIY Formulation | Add 0.3-1% to water phase | Cool-down phase (<40°C) | —(Route: Custom formulation) |
Reconstitution Guide (mg vial + mL BAC water)
- Calculate amount needed for desired concentration (e.g., 100mg for 1% in 10mL)
- Dissolve AHK-Cu powder in distilled water or water phase of formulation
- Verify pH is between 5.5-7.0 - adjust if necessary (avoid pH below 5)
- Add to cool-down phase of formulation (<40°C / 104°F) - heat degrades peptide
- Mix gently until fully incorporated - do not shake vigorously
- Transfer to dark glass container to protect from light
- Store refrigerated at 2-8°C
- Use within 30 days of preparation
subcutaneous Injection
Limited research compared to topical. Some practitioners use injectable AHK-Cu via mesotherapy (microinjections) for scalp and facial rejuvenation.
| Goal | Dose | Frequency | Duration |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mesotherapy - Scalp (Practitioner) | 0.1-0.5 mg per injection site | Weekly sessions | —(Route: Intradermal microinjections) |
| Research Protocol | 1-5 mg | 2-3 times weekly | —(Route: SubQ) |
Reconstitution Guide (mg vial + mL BAC water)
- Use only pharmaceutical-grade AHK-Cu for injection
- Reconstitute with bacteriostatic water to desired concentration
- Verify solution is clear with characteristic light blue color
- Filter through 0.22 μm sterile filter before use
- Store refrigerated at 2-8°C
- Use within 14-21 days of reconstitution
Interactions
Peptide Interactions
Complementary copper peptides targeting different aspects of tissue regeneration. GHK-Cu excels at skin repair while AHK-Cu targets hair follicles.
Excellent combination - hyaluronic acid provides hydration and supports peptide penetration.
Different tissue repair mechanisms - BPC-157 promotes systemic healing while AHK-Cu targets skin/hair.
What to Expect
What to Expect
No visible changes; peptide is working at cellular level
Some users report reduced hair shedding; scalp may feel healthier
Vellus (fine) hairs may begin appearing in thinning areas
New growth becoming visible; existing hairs may appear thicker
Noticeable improvement in hair density and quality
Significant results visible; continued improvement expected
Full results achieved with consistent use
Safety Profile
Common Side Effects
- Generally well-tolerated with excellent safety profile in topical applications
- Rare scalp irritation (patch test recommended)
- Potential for mild redness on sensitive skin
Contraindications
- Not for use on broken or infected skin
- Avoid eye area - may cause irritation
- Do not use if allergic to copper or peptides
- Not recommended during acute skin infections
Discontinue If
- Persistent scalp irritation, itching, or burning
- Allergic reaction: rash, hives, swelling
- Increased hair shedding that doesn't improve after 4-6 weeks
- Signs of copper sensitivity: metallic taste, nausea
- Skin discoloration at application site
- Any unexpected adverse reactions
Quality Indicators
What to look for
- Light blue powder - characteristic color from copper complex
- 99%+ purity with COA - pharmaceutical/cosmetic grade
- Proper copper complexation - dissolves to clear light blue solution
- pH-stable formulation - between 5.5-7.0
Caution
- Liposomal delivery preferred for enhanced penetration and stability
Red flags
- Discolored or degraded appearance - brown, green, or colorless indicates degradation
- pH below 5.0 - destabilizes copper peptide complex
Frequently Asked Questions
References (4)
- [2]Copper Tripeptide Effects on VEGF and TGF-β1
- [3]
- [4]
- [1]
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AHK (Tripeptide-3)
AHK (Tripeptide-3) is a three-amino-acid peptide (Ala-His-Lys) investigated for its effects on hair growth, wound healing, and skin rejuvenation. It activates fibroblasts and modulates VEGF signaling to promote collagen synthesis and angiogenesis.