Cardiovascular Peptides
Explore cardiovascular profiles and evidence guides by mechanism, research stage, safety context, and primary sources.
Research area
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Category membership organizes related research questions. It does not establish effectiveness, approval, or suitability for a person.
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Receptor effects, vascular biomarkers, animal injury models, and clinically meaningful cardiovascular outcomes are different levels of evidence.
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Profiles in this research area
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BNP (B-type Natriuretic Peptide)B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) is a 32-amino acid cardiac hormone secreted by ventricular cardiomyocytes in response to myocardial wall stress and v…ANP (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide)Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) is a 28-amino acid hormone released from atrial cardiomyocytes in response to atrial stretch. ANP reduces blood press…AdrenomedullinAdrenomedullin (ADM) is a 52-amino acid vasodilatory peptide discovered in 1993 from human pheochromocytoma tissue. It acts through the CRLR/RAMP2 rec…BPC-157BPC-157 (Body Protection Compound-157) is a synthetic pentadecapeptide derived from human gastric juice that promotes wound healing, angiogenesis, and…Adipotide (FTPP)Adipotide (FTPP) is an experimental peptidomimetic that induces targeted apoptosis in blood vessels supplying white adipose tissue, with research appl…Angiotensin IIAngiotensin II is a potent vasoactive octapeptide generated by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) from angiotensin I. As the primary effector of the …Angiotensin IIIAngiotensin III (Ang 2-8) is a bioactive heptapeptide formed by aminopeptidase A cleavage of angiotensin II. It exhibits preferential AT2 receptor act…Angiotensin-(1-7)Angiotensin-(1-7) is a bioactive heptapeptide of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) that acts as an endogenous ligand for the MAS recepto…ApelinApelin is the endogenous peptide ligand of the APJ receptor (APLNR), existing in multiple bioactive isoforms including apelin-36, apelin-17, apelin-13…B7-33B7-33 is a single-chain peptide derived from human relaxin-2 (H2-relaxin) that selectively activates the pERK signaling pathway via RXFP1. It demonstr…BivalirudinSynthetic 20-amino-acid analog of hirudin that directly and reversibly inhibits thrombin, used as an intravenous anticoagulant during percutaneous cor…BPC-157 / TB-500 BlendA research peptide blend combining BPC-157 (Body Protection Compound) and TB-500 (Thymosin Beta-4 fragment), two tissue-repair peptides with complemen…BradykininBradykinin is a vasoactive nonapeptide generated from high-molecular-weight kininogen by the serine protease kallikrein. Acting through constitutive B…CardiogenCardiogen (AEDR) is a synthetic tetrapeptide bioregulator that modulates fibroblast activity in cardiac tissue, studied for its cardioprotective effec…CJC-1295 / Hexarelin BlendA research peptide blend combining CJC-1295 (no DAC) and Hexarelin, two growth hormone secretagogues studied for their synergistic effects on GH relea…EpithalonEpithalon (Epitalon) is a synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) derived from the pineal gland extract Epithalamin, studied for its ability to activ…EptifibatideSynthetic cyclic heptapeptide that reversibly inhibits the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor, used intravenously as an antiplatelet agent in acu…Follistatin-315Follistatin-315 is a naturally occurring activin- and myostatin-binding glycoprotein isoform studied for its roles in muscle growth, inflammation regu…
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GDF-11GDF-11 (Growth Differentiation Factor 11) is a member of the TGF-beta superfamily that gained prominence from parabiosis rejuvenation studies, with de…GHK-CuGHK-Cu is a naturally occurring copper-binding tripeptide that modulates gene expression, attenuates inflammation, improves antioxidant responses, and…GHRP-2GHRP-2 (pralmorelin) is a synthetic growth hormone secretagogue that binds the ghrelin receptor, with research applications in muscle preservation, ap…Glow Blend (TB-500 / BPC-157 / GHK-Cu)A research peptide blend combining TB-500 (10mg), BPC-157 (10mg), and GHK-Cu (50mg) — three tissue-repair and anti-aging peptides with complementary m…GLP-1GLP-1 (Glucagon-Like Peptide-1) is an endogenous incretin hormone produced by intestinal L-cells that regulates glucose homeostasis, appetite, and gas…HexarelinHexarelin is a synthetic hexapeptide growth hormone secretagogue and ghrelin analogue with potent cardioprotective effects, muscle-preserving properti…HumaninHumanin is a 24-amino acid mitochondria-derived micro-peptide that protects cells from oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, with research ap…Kisspeptin-10Kisspeptin-10 is a synthetic decapeptide that activates the KISS1R (GPR54) receptor to modulate GnRH neuron signaling. It is researched for applicatio…KlothoKlotho is a transmembrane protein and circulating hormone that functions as a co-receptor for FGF23, regulates phosphate homeostasis, suppresses aging…LIRAGLUTIDELiraglutide is a long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist studied for its effects on glucose homeostasis, appetite regulation, cardiovascular protection, an…LivagenLivagen is a short bioregulatory tetrapeptide that decondenses chromatin to reactivate silenced genes, with research applications in immune system rej…LKEK (Vascular Bioregulator)LKEK is a synthetic tetrapeptide bioregulator (Leu-Lys-Glu-Lys) investigated for its effects on vascular endothelial function, collagen synthesis regu…MOTS-cMOTS-c is a mitochondrial-derived peptide composed of 16 amino acids that regulates cellular energy metabolism, promotes metabolic homeostasis, and ha…Neuropeptide Y (NPY)Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36-amino acid peptide and the most abundant neuropeptide in the mammalian brain, playing critical roles in appetite regulati…ObestatinObestatin is a 23-amino-acid peptide derived from the same preproghrelin precursor protein as ghrelin, initially reported as an anorexigenic counterpa…OxytocinOxytocin is a 9-amino acid endogenous neuropeptide produced in the hypothalamus that regulates social bonding, stress response, wound healing, and inf…PEG-MGFPEG-MGF (PEGylated Mechano-Growth Factor) is a modified form of IGF-1 that stimulates myoblast proliferation and differentiation, with research applic…RetatrutideRetatrutide (LY3437943) is a triple agonist of GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon receptors developed by Eli Lilly for obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic d…SemaglutideSemaglutide is a GLP-1 receptor agonist that mimics the incretin hormone GLP-1 to regulate blood sugar, reduce appetite, and promote weight loss. It i…SemaxSemax is a synthetic heptapeptide derived from adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) fragments 4-10 that increases BDNF and NGF levels in the brain. It i…SermorelinSermorelin is a synthetic 29-amino acid analogue of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) used to assess and stimulate natural growth hormone secret…Sermorelin / GHRP-6 / GHRP-2 BlendA triple-peptide research blend combining Sermorelin (a GHRH analogue) with GHRP-6 and GHRP-2 (both ghrelin receptor agonists), studied for synergisti…Sermorelin / Ipamorelin BlendA research peptide blend combining Sermorelin (a GHRH analogue) and Ipamorelin (a selective ghrelin receptor agonist), studied for synergistic amplifi…SS-31SS-31 (elamipretide) is a mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide that stabilizes cardiolipin to improve ATP production and reduce reactive oxygen species,…TB-500TB-500 is a synthetic fragment of thymosin beta-4, a 43-amino acid protein involved in actin regulation, tissue repair, wound healing, and anti-inflam…TesamorelinTesamorelin is a synthetic growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) analogue approved under the brand name Egrifta for the reduction of excess abdomina…TirzepatideTirzepatide is a dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist approved for type 2 diab…UrocortinUrocortin (UCN) is a family of CRF-related peptides comprising Urocortin 1, Urocortin 2 (stresscopin-related peptide), and Urocortin 3 (stresscopin). …Urotensin IIUrotensin II (UII) is a cyclic peptide identified as the most potent vasoconstrictor discovered to date. Acting through the UT receptor (GPR14), it ha…VentfortVentfort is a complex peptide bioregulator preparation derived from vascular tissue, developed to support endothelial function and blood vessel integr…
Read the full category research notes
These notes map terminology and research themes. Verify claims in the linked profile references and current primary records.
Cardiovascular Peptides
This category covers peptides researched for their effects on the heart, blood vessels, and circulatory system. Cardiovascular peptides act through mechanisms including angiogenesis, cardiac tissue repair, blood pressure regulation, endothelial function, and metabolic modulation.
Complete Peptide Directory
Natriuretic & Blood Pressure Peptides
| Peptide | Description | Primary Mechanism |
|---|---|---|
| ANP | Atrial natriuretic peptide that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance | NPR-A receptor; natriuresis, vasodilation, RAAS suppression |
| BNP | B-type natriuretic peptide; cardiac biomarker and vasodilator | NPR-A receptor; ventricular volume/pressure regulation; heart failure marker |
| Angiotensin 1-7 | Counter-regulatory peptide in the renin-angiotensin system | Mas receptor; vasodilation, anti-fibrotic, anti-inflammatory |
| Bradykinin | Vasoactive peptide that mediates vasodilation and inflammation | B2 receptor; NO release, vasodilation, vascular permeability |
Vascular & Endothelial Peptides
| Peptide | Description | Primary Mechanism |
|---|---|---|
| Apelin | Endogenous peptide that regulates cardiovascular homeostasis and angiogenesis | APJ receptor; positive inotrope, vasodilator, angiogenic factor |
| Adrenomedullin | Vasodilatory peptide with cardioprotective and angiogenic properties | CRLR/RAMP2 receptor; vasodilation, angiogenesis, organ protection |
| Urotensin-2 | Most potent vasoconstrictor peptide known; cardiovascular remodeling | UT receptor; vasoconstriction, cardiac hypertrophy, vascular remodeling |
| VIP | Vasoactive intestinal peptide with vasodilatory and anti-inflammatory effects | VPAC receptors; coronary vasodilation, pulmonary hypertension research |
| VIP Analog | Modified VIP with enhanced stability for cardiovascular applications | VPAC receptor agonist with improved pharmacokinetics |
Cardiac Repair & Protection
| Peptide | Description | Primary Mechanism |
|---|---|---|
| Cardiogen | Short peptide bioregulator targeting cardiac tissue gene expression | Myocardial regeneration; age-related cardiac decline; Khavinson research |
| CAR Peptide | Cardiac-homing peptide that targets injured myocardium | Selective accumulation in ischemic cardiac tissue; drug delivery vehicle |
| Urocortin | CRF-related peptide with potent cardioprotective effects | CRF2 receptor; inotropic support, cardioprotection during ischemia |
| C-Peptide | Proinsulin cleavage product with vascular and neuroprotective effects | GPR146 receptor; endothelial NO release; microvascular function |
Common Research Themes
Natriuretic Peptide System: ANP and BNP are both endogenous regulators of blood pressure and fluid balance, but originate from different cardiac chambers (atria vs. ventricles) and serve as distinct clinical biomarkers.
RAAS Counter-Regulation: Angiotensin 1-7 acts as a natural counterbalance to the vasoconstrictive and pro-fibrotic effects of angiotensin II, representing a protective arm of the renin-angiotensin system.
Cardiac Regeneration: Cardiogen and CAR Peptide represent two distinct approaches — Cardiogen targets gene expression in cardiac tissue through bioregulatory mechanisms, while CAR Peptide serves as a homing peptide to deliver therapeutics to injured myocardium.
Angiogenesis: Apelin, Adrenomedullin, and VIP all promote new blood vessel formation through distinct pathways, making them relevant to ischemic tissue research and vascular repair.
Getting Started
If you are new to this category, we recommend starting with BPC-157 — the most widely studied peptide in this category with broad cytoprotective effects across cardiovascular and vascular systems. From there, explore related peptides through the See Also sections on each page to build a comprehensive understanding of the research landscape.
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Pain & Nociception Peptides
Research peptides involved in pain signaling, nociceptive modulation, analgesic pathways, and neuroinflammatory pain conditions.